Zinok

Zincum – Zn

Medicínske upozornenie!

Základná charakteristika    

Zinok je esenciálna minerálna látka zapojená do regulácie mnohých enzýmov. Je antioxidantom a posilňuje imunitu. Najčastejšie sa užíva kvôli redukcii frekvencie ochorení dýchacích ciest a na podporu optimálneho množstva testosterónu.

Zinok je jedným z 24 mikronutrientov potrebných na prežitie. Nachádza sa v mäse, vajciach a strukovinách. Dobrým zdrojom sú aj ustrice.          

Zinok má afrodiziakálne účinky a zvyšuje hladinu testosterónu ale iba u užívateľov, ktorí majú deficit zinku. Okrem toho je zinok dôležitý pre správne fungovanie mnohých enzýmov, hormónov a imunitného systému.

Je silným antioxidantom a môže byť užitočný pri problémoch s prostatou. Vo vysokých dávkach znižuje množstvo estrogénu a pomáha regenerovať črevný hlien.

Zinok sa stráca potením, preto je dôležité jeho dopĺňanie najmä u športovcov.

Ako užívať

Zinok má stanovené dve štandardné dávky; nižšia je 5-10 mg, vyššia 25-45 mg. Nižšia dávka funguje ako denná prevencia, vyššia dávka je vhodná pre ľudí ohrozených nedostatkom zinku.

Rozličné formy doplnkov zinku obsahujú odlišné množstvo elementárneho zinku (preto si treba pozorne pozrieť informácie na obale).

Zinok by sa mal užívať denne. Je potvrdené, že dávka 100 mg denne je bezpečná pri krátkodobom užívaní (2-4 mesiace). Táto dávka je však značne vyššia ako stanovený horný tolerovateľný limit (40 mg) preto sa dlhšie užívanie takto vysokej dávky neodporúča.

Vstrebávanie zinku v tenkom čreve ovplyvňuje vstrebávanie ďalších minerálov (napr. vápnika, horčíka, železa), ktoré využívajú ten istý prenášač. Limit tohto prenášača je 800 mg a ak ho kombinácia týchto štyroch minerálov presiahne, dochádza k spomaleniu vstrebávania. Užívanie menšieho množstva ako 800 mg u týchto štyroch minerálov je v poriadku.

Biologické a vedecké súvislosti

Hlavný význam zinku v ľudskom tele spočíva v tom, že je súčasťou enzýmov nazývaných metaloproteíny.(8)(9)(10) Okrem toho je zapojený do regulácie imunitného systému.(11)(12)

Vstrebávanie

Vstrebávanie zinku je regulované tenkým črevom (38)(39) a v prípade jeho deficitu sa vstrebávanie blíži k 100 %.(38) Štúdia na zvieratách ukázala, že vplyvom starnutia dochádza k poruchám regulácie vstrebávania zinku a adekvátny príjem v potrave nemusí byť, kvôli horšiemu vstrebávaniu, dostatočný.(43)

Neurológia

Zinok sa nachádza v mozgovej kôre, pineálnej žľaze a v hipokampe, kde slúži ako atypický neuromodulátor.(46)(47)(48) V hipokampe môže koncentrácia zinku dosiahnuť 220-300mikroM, čo predstavuje približne 8 % z velkového zinku v mozgu.(49) Toto množstvo je citlivé na dlhodobý (ale nie akútny) deficit zinku.(52)  Podobne ako iné neuromodulátory sa zinok uvoľňuje zo synapsí počas akčného potenciálu.(54)

Zinok tiež môže aktivovať draselné kanále na neurónoch a znížiť uvoľňovanie glutamátu na synapsiách, čím obmedzí prenos vzruchov cez glutamínové receptory. Avšak potrebná koncentrácia je vysoká a tento efekt nie je fyziologicky relevantný.(58)

Zdá sa, že zinok zvyšuje vstrebávanie serotonínu v niektorých oblastiach mozgu (corpus callosum, cingulate cortex, raphe nucleus). Tiež je možné, že niektoré antidepresíva redukujú vstrebávanie serotonínu, ak je v týchto oblastiach príliš nízka koncentrácia zinku.(59)(60)(61)(62)

Zinok je spojený aj s funkciou BNDF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), čo je proteín, ktorý reguluje rast neurónov a ovplyvňuje plasticitu mozgu.(63)(64) Deficit zinku znižuje schopnosť BNDF aktivovať vlastné receptory(66) a sám zinok vytvára komplex s proteínom BNDF (67). Predpokladá sa, že tým aktivuje neaktívnu formu (pro-BNDF) na aktívnu formu BNDF.(68)(69)

U myší spôsobili vysoké dávky zinku v potrave (30 ppm v potrave spolu so 60 ppm vo vode) zníženie fungovania BNDF v mozgu a poruchy pamäte, ktoré boli spojené s nedostatkom zinku v hippokampe. Následné injekčné podanie zinku zvýšilo množstvo BNDF.(70) Dôvod prečo vysoký orálny príjem zinku viedol k zníženiu množstva zinku v hippokampe je neznámy.

Antidepresívny účinok zinku je zrejme sprostredkovaný zvýšením BNDF v krvnom sére, ktoré bolo pozorované u ľudí s depresiou po podávaní 30 mg zinku počas 12 týždňovej liečby.(71)

U inej skupiny sa po podávaní 25 mg zinku takéto zvýšenie neobjavilo.(72)

Vysoké koncentrácie zinku v mozgu môžu byť toxické,(73) čo sa občas pozoruje pri ischemických poškodeniach, kedy vysoká dávka zinku uvoľnená zo synapsií sprostredkuje bunkovú smrť (73)(74) a infarkty.(75) To vysvetľuje prečo chelátory zinku pomáhajú pri rehabilitácii mŕtvice.(76)

Koncentrácia zinku v krvnom sére je negatívne korelovaná s rizikom vzniku depresie a u ľudí, ktorí už depresiu majú je negatívne korelovaná so závažnosťou depresie. Podávanie 25 mg zinku alebo viac sa predbežne ukazuje ako účinná prevencia u ľudí.(71)(72)

Zinok je endogénny inhibítor glykogénsyntáza kynázy-3β (GSK3β), ktorá je zapojená do porúch nálady a depresie.(96)(97)(98)

Príjem potravy

Deficit zinku redukuje apetít a je známou príčinou anorexie (nie anorexia nervosa), čo je prvým symptómom nedostatku zinku(82) a rýchlo nasledujú symptómy depresie.(83)

Srdce a cievy

Úprava nízkej hladiny zinku do normálu je spojená so zredukovaním rizika vzniku artherosklerózy.(108)(109) Príjem zinku v potrave je negatívne korelovaný s rizikom vzniku artherosklerózy.(110)

Glukózový metabolizmus

Zinok zvyšuje syntézu glykogénu v pečeni.(96)

Zároveň pozitívne ovplyvňuje inzulínovú signalizáciu, pretože inhibuje GSK3β, ktorý potláča inzulínovú signalizáciu.(96)

Imunita

Nedostatok zinku znižuje množstvo cytokínu TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor), po doplnení zinku sa množstvo TNF-α obnoví.(120)

Podobne reaguje na nedostatok zinku aj interleukín IL-2.(120)

Aj množstvo T-lymfocytov sa znižuje pri nedostatku zinku, čím sa znižuje aj obranyschopnosť organizmu.(122)

Metaanalýza 15 štúdií zahŕňajúcich celkovo 1360 ľudí ukázala, že podanie zinku (nie preventívne užívanie iba podanie po nástupe choroby) sa spája so znížením dĺžky a intenzity prechladnutia, ak sa zinok podá do 24 hodín od nástupu choroby.(123)

Každodenné preventívne podávanie zinku dospelým osobám znižuje frekvenciu výskytu nádchy a infekčných ochorení horných dýchacích ciest.(123)

Hormóny

Testosterón

Pri deficite zinku dochádza k poruchám premeny cholesterolu na pohlavné hormóny a redukcii expresie androgénnych receptorov. Oba tieto procesy znižujú celkový efekt pôsobenia testosterónu v organizme.(145)(146)(147)(148)

Niekoľko výskumov na potkanoch naznačuje, že vysoké dávky zinku podávané orálne a mierne dávky podávané injekčne môžu zvýšiť koncentráciu testosterónu v krvi.(149)(150)

Podobný efekt bol pozorovaný u ľudí s deficitom zinku a nízkou hladinou testosterónu. U ľudí s normálnou hladinou testosterónu sa tento efekt nepozoroval.(151)(152) 

Estrogén

Deficit zinku u potkanov sa spája so zvýšenou expresiou receptorov estrogénu;(146) u ľudí sa tento jav zatiaľ nepozoroval.

Leptín

Zvieracie štúdie(164) aj výskumy na ľuďoch(120) ukazujú, že znížené množstvo zinku je spojené so zníženou produkciou leptínu v adipocytoch.(163) Dodaním zinku sa zvýši aj koncentrácia leptínu cirkulujúceho v krvi.(120)

Jazyk a ústa

Nedostatok zinku spôsobuje zhoršenie vnímania chutí. Jeho doplnením sa tento stav napraví.(171)(172)(173) Ak je strata vnímania chutí (hypogeusia) spôsobené chemoterapiou, tak podávanie zinku nemá významný vplyv na tento stav.(174) Pozmenené vnímanie chutí po chemoterapii sa môže po podávaní zinku zlepšiť ale výsledky nie sú jednoznačné.(174)

Odstránenie deficitu zinku môže znížiť aj výskyt zubných kazov a tvorbu zubného kameňa ale dôkazy sú zatiaľ nedostatočné.(175)

Pečeň

V pečeni zinok priaznivo pôsobí na regeneráciu tkaniva a jeho podávanie má mierny terapeutický účinok na cirhózu pečene.(178)(179)(180)(181)(182)

Ucho

Podľa predbežných výsledkov zatiaľ iba jedného pokusu sa zdá, že vysoké dávky zinku (50 mg denne podávané po dobu 2 mesiacov) majú terapeutický účinok na tinitus (pískanie v ušiach).(195) Ďalšie výskumy však nepotvrdili tento výsledok.(197)

Semenníky

Nedostatok zinku sa spája so širokým spektrom porúch funkcie semenníkov, vrátane zníženej produkcie testosterónu, zníženej plodnosti a zhoršenej kvality spermií.(205)(206)(207) Väčšina týchto problémov je spôsobená zvýšenou mierou apoptózy semenníkových buniek. Apoptóza je regulovaná práve zinkom(199) nie len v semenníkoch ale aj v ostatných tkanivách.(200)(201) Ďalšou príčinou je zvýšená miera oxidačného poškodenia proteínov.(204)

Koža

U osôb postihnutých akné sa zistili nižšie hladiny zinku.(218)(219)(220) Preto sa o zinku uvažuje ako o liečive. Navyše zinok redukuje presun (chemotaxiu) bielych krviniek do kože(221)(222) a zrejme aj účinky androgénov na kožu. Pokusy so zinkom pri liečbe akné naznačujú, že štandardné až vysoké dávky zinku majú mierne protektívny účinok.(223)(224)(225)(226)

Predbežné výskumy naznačujú, že vysoké dávky zinku môžu byť účinné pri potláčaní vírusových typov bradavíc (HPV).(227) Tieto účinky pretrvávajú ešte dlhú dobu po skončení podávania zinku.(228) Účinná je aj lokálna aplikácia zinku. (229) Nevírusové typy bradavíc nie sú zinkom tak účinne potláčané.(229)

Výskumy naznačujú účinnosť zinku (pyrithión zinku) je vysoko účinný pri liečbe psoriázy.(233)(234) Dôkazy podporujúce toto tvrdenie sú však zatiaľ dosť obmedzené.

Prejavy nedostatku

Mnoho prejavov deficitu zinku je spomenutých už v časti „Biologický význam“.

Nedostatok zinku sa prejavuje kožnými poruchami, nechutenstvom, mentálnym spomalením, oneskoreným rastom u mladých a zmenšením gonád u dospelých mužov.(15)(16)

Zistilo sa, že 10 % ľudí (USA) má príjem zinku v strave nižší ako polovicu ODD.(17)(18) Celosvetovo sa deficit týka viac ako 50 % (kvôli vysokému množstvu v rozvojových krajinách).(18)

Zinok sa z tela stráca potením a cvičením(21)(22), čo je jedným z faktorov spôsobujúcich zníženie množstva testosterónu po náročnom telesnom cvičení.(23)(24)

U diabetikov (diabetes typu I aj typu II) sú zvýšené hodnoty vylučovania zinku močom (25)(26)(27), hodnoty zinku v krvnom sére môžu byť normálne,(32) zvýšené,(25)(26)(27) alebo znížené (29)(30)(31) v porovnaní s nediabetickou kontrolnou skupinou.

Odporúčaná denná dávka (ODD)

Odhadovaná priemerná denná potreba zinku je 6,5 mg pre ženy, 8,5-10 mg pre tehotné a kojace ženy a 12 mg pre mužov.

Odporúčaná denná dávka je 8 mg pre ženy, 10-12 pre tehotné a kojace ženy a 14-15 mg pre mužov. Horný tolerovateľný limit je 35-40 mg pre obe pohlavia dospelých ľudí.(13)(14)

Následky predávkovania

Zinok je najmenej toxický stopový prvok. Ani dávky 10-násobne vyššie ako odporúčané nespôsobia akútne poškodenie organizmu. Dlhodobý nadmerný príjem zinku môže spôsobiť deficit medi a železa (môže sa prejaviť anémiou), poškodenie imunitných funkcii, zvýšenie hladiny LDL a zníženie HDL cholesterolu v krvi.(262)

Prírodné zdroje

Zinok sa vo vysokých množstvách nachádza v živočíšnych tkanivách, vajciach, strukovinách a rybách. Obzvlášť vysoké množstvá sú v ustriciach (2)(3). V rozvinutých krajinách sa pridáva aj do fortifikovaných cereálií.(4)

Zinok sa často spomína ako dôležitý, pretože je kofaktorom vyše 300 enzýmov zapojených do expresie génov, delenia buniek a prenosu informácii. (5)(6)(7) Nedostatok zinku môže spomaľovať aktivitu týchto enzýmov.

Vzájomné interakcie

Železo

Oba tieto minerály sú transportované prenášačom DMT1(255) a Nramp2(256). Zinok teda súťaží pri vstrebávaní so železom a ak dôjde k nasýteniu prenášačov, zhorší sa vstrebávanie oboch prvkov. Tento efekt je zanedbateľný ak sa železo prijíma v nízkej koncentrácii. Ak je príjem oboch minerálov väčší ako 10 mg, tak sa tento kompetičný efekt začína prejavovať.(257)(258)(259)

Pokusy využívajúce potravu obohatenú železom aj zinkom nepreukázali tento vzájomne inhibičný efekt vstrebávania oboch minerálov.(260)(261) Pravdepodobne je to spôsobené tým, že prijatá potrava spomaľuje vstrebávanie oboch minerálov a nedochádza k nasýteniu prenášačov. Preto nie je vhodné užívať doplnky obsahujúce oba tieto minerály nalačno.

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