Zincum – Zn
- Základná charakteristika
- Biologické a vedecké súvislosti
- Prejavy nedostatku
- Následky predávkovania
- Prírodné zdroje
- Odporúčaná denná dávka (ODD)
- Vzájomné interakcie
- Literatúra
Základná charakteristika
Zinok je esenciálna minerálna látka zapojená do regulácie mnohých enzýmov. Je antioxidantom a posilňuje imunitu. Najčastejšie sa užíva kvôli redukcii frekvencie ochorení dýchacích ciest a na podporu optimálneho množstva testosterónu.
Zinok je jedným z 24 mikronutrientov potrebných na prežitie. Nachádza sa v mäse, vajciach a strukovinách. Dobrým zdrojom sú aj ustrice.
Zinok má afrodiziakálne účinky a zvyšuje hladinu testosterónu ale iba u užívateľov, ktorí majú deficit zinku. Okrem toho je zinok dôležitý pre správne fungovanie mnohých enzýmov, hormónov a imunitného systému.
Je silným antioxidantom a môže byť užitočný pri problémoch s prostatou. Vo vysokých dávkach znižuje množstvo estrogénu a pomáha regenerovať črevný hlien.
Zinok sa stráca potením, preto je dôležité jeho dopĺňanie najmä u športovcov.
Ako užívať
Zinok má stanovené dve štandardné dávky; nižšia je 5-10 mg, vyššia 25-45 mg. Nižšia dávka funguje ako denná prevencia, vyššia dávka je vhodná pre ľudí ohrozených nedostatkom zinku.
Rozličné formy doplnkov zinku obsahujú odlišné množstvo elementárneho zinku (preto si treba pozorne pozrieť informácie na obale).
Zinok by sa mal užívať denne. Je potvrdené, že dávka 100 mg denne je bezpečná pri krátkodobom užívaní (2-4 mesiace). Táto dávka je však značne vyššia ako stanovený horný tolerovateľný limit (40 mg) preto sa dlhšie užívanie takto vysokej dávky neodporúča.
Vstrebávanie zinku v tenkom čreve ovplyvňuje vstrebávanie ďalších minerálov (napr. vápnika, horčíka, železa), ktoré využívajú ten istý prenášač. Limit tohto prenášača je 800 mg a ak ho kombinácia týchto štyroch minerálov presiahne, dochádza k spomaleniu vstrebávania. Užívanie menšieho množstva ako 800 mg u týchto štyroch minerálov je v poriadku.
Biologické a vedecké súvislosti
Hlavný význam zinku v ľudskom tele spočíva v tom, že je súčasťou enzýmov nazývaných metaloproteíny.(8)(9)(10) Okrem toho je zapojený do regulácie imunitného systému.(11)(12)
Vstrebávanie
Vstrebávanie zinku je regulované tenkým črevom (38)(39) a v prípade jeho deficitu sa vstrebávanie blíži k 100 %.(38) Štúdia na zvieratách ukázala, že vplyvom starnutia dochádza k poruchám regulácie vstrebávania zinku a adekvátny príjem v potrave nemusí byť, kvôli horšiemu vstrebávaniu, dostatočný.(43)
Neurológia
Zinok sa nachádza v mozgovej kôre, pineálnej žľaze a v hipokampe, kde slúži ako atypický neuromodulátor.(46)(47)(48) V hipokampe môže koncentrácia zinku dosiahnuť 220-300mikroM, čo predstavuje približne 8 % z velkového zinku v mozgu.(49) Toto množstvo je citlivé na dlhodobý (ale nie akútny) deficit zinku.(52) Podobne ako iné neuromodulátory sa zinok uvoľňuje zo synapsí počas akčného potenciálu.(54)
Zinok tiež môže aktivovať draselné kanále na neurónoch a znížiť uvoľňovanie glutamátu na synapsiách, čím obmedzí prenos vzruchov cez glutamínové receptory. Avšak potrebná koncentrácia je vysoká a tento efekt nie je fyziologicky relevantný.(58)
Zdá sa, že zinok zvyšuje vstrebávanie serotonínu v niektorých oblastiach mozgu (corpus callosum, cingulate cortex, raphe nucleus). Tiež je možné, že niektoré antidepresíva redukujú vstrebávanie serotonínu, ak je v týchto oblastiach príliš nízka koncentrácia zinku.(59)(60)(61)(62)
Zinok je spojený aj s funkciou BNDF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), čo je proteín, ktorý reguluje rast neurónov a ovplyvňuje plasticitu mozgu.(63)(64) Deficit zinku znižuje schopnosť BNDF aktivovať vlastné receptory(66) a sám zinok vytvára komplex s proteínom BNDF (67). Predpokladá sa, že tým aktivuje neaktívnu formu (pro-BNDF) na aktívnu formu BNDF.(68)(69)
U myší spôsobili vysoké dávky zinku v potrave (30 ppm v potrave spolu so 60 ppm vo vode) zníženie fungovania BNDF v mozgu a poruchy pamäte, ktoré boli spojené s nedostatkom zinku v hippokampe. Následné injekčné podanie zinku zvýšilo množstvo BNDF.(70) Dôvod prečo vysoký orálny príjem zinku viedol k zníženiu množstva zinku v hippokampe je neznámy.
Antidepresívny účinok zinku je zrejme sprostredkovaný zvýšením BNDF v krvnom sére, ktoré bolo pozorované u ľudí s depresiou po podávaní 30 mg zinku počas 12 týždňovej liečby.(71)
U inej skupiny sa po podávaní 25 mg zinku takéto zvýšenie neobjavilo.(72)
Vysoké koncentrácie zinku v mozgu môžu byť toxické,(73) čo sa občas pozoruje pri ischemických poškodeniach, kedy vysoká dávka zinku uvoľnená zo synapsií sprostredkuje bunkovú smrť (73)(74) a infarkty.(75) To vysvetľuje prečo chelátory zinku pomáhajú pri rehabilitácii mŕtvice.(76)
Koncentrácia zinku v krvnom sére je negatívne korelovaná s rizikom vzniku depresie a u ľudí, ktorí už depresiu majú je negatívne korelovaná so závažnosťou depresie. Podávanie 25 mg zinku alebo viac sa predbežne ukazuje ako účinná prevencia u ľudí.(71)(72)
Zinok je endogénny inhibítor glykogénsyntáza kynázy-3β (GSK3β), ktorá je zapojená do porúch nálady a depresie.(96)(97)(98)
Príjem potravy
Deficit zinku redukuje apetít a je známou príčinou anorexie (nie anorexia nervosa), čo je prvým symptómom nedostatku zinku(82) a rýchlo nasledujú symptómy depresie.(83)
Srdce a cievy
Úprava nízkej hladiny zinku do normálu je spojená so zredukovaním rizika vzniku artherosklerózy.(108)(109) Príjem zinku v potrave je negatívne korelovaný s rizikom vzniku artherosklerózy.(110)
Glukózový metabolizmus
Zinok zvyšuje syntézu glykogénu v pečeni.(96)
Zároveň pozitívne ovplyvňuje inzulínovú signalizáciu, pretože inhibuje GSK3β, ktorý potláča inzulínovú signalizáciu.(96)
Imunita
Nedostatok zinku znižuje množstvo cytokínu TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor), po doplnení zinku sa množstvo TNF-α obnoví.(120)
Podobne reaguje na nedostatok zinku aj interleukín IL-2.(120)
Aj množstvo T-lymfocytov sa znižuje pri nedostatku zinku, čím sa znižuje aj obranyschopnosť organizmu.(122)
Metaanalýza 15 štúdií zahŕňajúcich celkovo 1360 ľudí ukázala, že podanie zinku (nie preventívne užívanie iba podanie po nástupe choroby) sa spája so znížením dĺžky a intenzity prechladnutia, ak sa zinok podá do 24 hodín od nástupu choroby.(123)
Každodenné preventívne podávanie zinku dospelým osobám znižuje frekvenciu výskytu nádchy a infekčných ochorení horných dýchacích ciest.(123)
Hormóny
Testosterón
Pri deficite zinku dochádza k poruchám premeny cholesterolu na pohlavné hormóny a redukcii expresie androgénnych receptorov. Oba tieto procesy znižujú celkový efekt pôsobenia testosterónu v organizme.(145)(146)(147)(148)
Niekoľko výskumov na potkanoch naznačuje, že vysoké dávky zinku podávané orálne a mierne dávky podávané injekčne môžu zvýšiť koncentráciu testosterónu v krvi.(149)(150)
Podobný efekt bol pozorovaný u ľudí s deficitom zinku a nízkou hladinou testosterónu. U ľudí s normálnou hladinou testosterónu sa tento efekt nepozoroval.(151)(152)
Estrogén
Deficit zinku u potkanov sa spája so zvýšenou expresiou receptorov estrogénu;(146) u ľudí sa tento jav zatiaľ nepozoroval.
Leptín
Zvieracie štúdie(164) aj výskumy na ľuďoch(120) ukazujú, že znížené množstvo zinku je spojené so zníženou produkciou leptínu v adipocytoch.(163) Dodaním zinku sa zvýši aj koncentrácia leptínu cirkulujúceho v krvi.(120)
Jazyk a ústa
Nedostatok zinku spôsobuje zhoršenie vnímania chutí. Jeho doplnením sa tento stav napraví.(171)(172)(173) Ak je strata vnímania chutí (hypogeusia) spôsobené chemoterapiou, tak podávanie zinku nemá významný vplyv na tento stav.(174) Pozmenené vnímanie chutí po chemoterapii sa môže po podávaní zinku zlepšiť ale výsledky nie sú jednoznačné.(174)
Odstránenie deficitu zinku môže znížiť aj výskyt zubných kazov a tvorbu zubného kameňa ale dôkazy sú zatiaľ nedostatočné.(175)
Pečeň
V pečeni zinok priaznivo pôsobí na regeneráciu tkaniva a jeho podávanie má mierny terapeutický účinok na cirhózu pečene.(178)(179)(180)(181)(182)
Ucho
Podľa predbežných výsledkov zatiaľ iba jedného pokusu sa zdá, že vysoké dávky zinku (50 mg denne podávané po dobu 2 mesiacov) majú terapeutický účinok na tinitus (pískanie v ušiach).(195) Ďalšie výskumy však nepotvrdili tento výsledok.(197)
Semenníky
Nedostatok zinku sa spája so širokým spektrom porúch funkcie semenníkov, vrátane zníženej produkcie testosterónu, zníženej plodnosti a zhoršenej kvality spermií.(205)(206)(207) Väčšina týchto problémov je spôsobená zvýšenou mierou apoptózy semenníkových buniek. Apoptóza je regulovaná práve zinkom(199) nie len v semenníkoch ale aj v ostatných tkanivách.(200)(201) Ďalšou príčinou je zvýšená miera oxidačného poškodenia proteínov.(204)
Koža
U osôb postihnutých akné sa zistili nižšie hladiny zinku.(218)(219)(220) Preto sa o zinku uvažuje ako o liečive. Navyše zinok redukuje presun (chemotaxiu) bielych krviniek do kože(221)(222) a zrejme aj účinky androgénov na kožu. Pokusy so zinkom pri liečbe akné naznačujú, že štandardné až vysoké dávky zinku majú mierne protektívny účinok.(223)(224)(225)(226)
Predbežné výskumy naznačujú, že vysoké dávky zinku môžu byť účinné pri potláčaní vírusových typov bradavíc (HPV).(227) Tieto účinky pretrvávajú ešte dlhú dobu po skončení podávania zinku.(228) Účinná je aj lokálna aplikácia zinku. (229) Nevírusové typy bradavíc nie sú zinkom tak účinne potláčané.(229)
Výskumy naznačujú účinnosť zinku (pyrithión zinku) je vysoko účinný pri liečbe psoriázy.(233)(234) Dôkazy podporujúce toto tvrdenie sú však zatiaľ dosť obmedzené.
Prejavy nedostatku
Mnoho prejavov deficitu zinku je spomenutých už v časti „Biologický význam“.
Nedostatok zinku sa prejavuje kožnými poruchami, nechutenstvom, mentálnym spomalením, oneskoreným rastom u mladých a zmenšením gonád u dospelých mužov.(15)(16)
Zistilo sa, že 10 % ľudí (USA) má príjem zinku v strave nižší ako polovicu ODD.(17)(18) Celosvetovo sa deficit týka viac ako 50 % (kvôli vysokému množstvu v rozvojových krajinách).(18)
Zinok sa z tela stráca potením a cvičením(21)(22), čo je jedným z faktorov spôsobujúcich zníženie množstva testosterónu po náročnom telesnom cvičení.(23)(24)
U diabetikov (diabetes typu I aj typu II) sú zvýšené hodnoty vylučovania zinku močom (25)(26)(27), hodnoty zinku v krvnom sére môžu byť normálne,(32) zvýšené,(25)(26)(27) alebo znížené (29)(30)(31) v porovnaní s nediabetickou kontrolnou skupinou.
Odporúčaná denná dávka (ODD)
Odhadovaná priemerná denná potreba zinku je 6,5 mg pre ženy, 8,5-10 mg pre tehotné a kojace ženy a 12 mg pre mužov.
Odporúčaná denná dávka je 8 mg pre ženy, 10-12 pre tehotné a kojace ženy a 14-15 mg pre mužov. Horný tolerovateľný limit je 35-40 mg pre obe pohlavia dospelých ľudí.(13)(14)
Následky predávkovania
Zinok je najmenej toxický stopový prvok. Ani dávky 10-násobne vyššie ako odporúčané nespôsobia akútne poškodenie organizmu. Dlhodobý nadmerný príjem zinku môže spôsobiť deficit medi a železa (môže sa prejaviť anémiou), poškodenie imunitných funkcii, zvýšenie hladiny LDL a zníženie HDL cholesterolu v krvi.(262)
Prírodné zdroje
Zinok sa vo vysokých množstvách nachádza v živočíšnych tkanivách, vajciach, strukovinách a rybách. Obzvlášť vysoké množstvá sú v ustriciach (2)(3). V rozvinutých krajinách sa pridáva aj do fortifikovaných cereálií.(4)
Zinok sa často spomína ako dôležitý, pretože je kofaktorom vyše 300 enzýmov zapojených do expresie génov, delenia buniek a prenosu informácii. (5)(6)(7) Nedostatok zinku môže spomaľovať aktivitu týchto enzýmov.
Vzájomné interakcie
Železo
Oba tieto minerály sú transportované prenášačom DMT1(255) a Nramp2(256). Zinok teda súťaží pri vstrebávaní so železom a ak dôjde k nasýteniu prenášačov, zhorší sa vstrebávanie oboch prvkov. Tento efekt je zanedbateľný ak sa železo prijíma v nízkej koncentrácii. Ak je príjem oboch minerálov väčší ako 10 mg, tak sa tento kompetičný efekt začína prejavovať.(257)(258)(259)
Pokusy využívajúce potravu obohatenú železom aj zinkom nepreukázali tento vzájomne inhibičný efekt vstrebávania oboch minerálov.(260)(261) Pravdepodobne je to spôsobené tým, že prijatá potrava spomaľuje vstrebávanie oboch minerálov a nedochádza k nasýteniu prenášačov. Preto nie je vhodné užívať doplnky obsahujúce oba tieto minerály nalačno.
Literatúra
- Koehler K, et al. Serum testosterone and urinary excretion of steroid hormone metabolites after administration of a high-dose zinc supplement. Eur J Clin Nutr. (2009)
- Guéguen M, et al. Shellfish and residual chemical contaminants: hazards, monitoring, and health risk assessment along French coasts. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. (2011)
- Maret W, Sandstead HH. Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol. (2006)
- Brown KH, Hambidge KM, Ranum P; Zinc Fortification Working Group. Zinc fortification of cereal flours: current recommendations and research needs. Food Nutr Bull. (2010)
- Prasad AS. Zinc: an overview. Nutrition. (1995)
- Vallee BL, Falchuk KH. The biochemical basis of zinc physiology. Physiol Rev. (1993)
- Haase H, Rink L. Functional significance of zinc-related signaling pathways in immune cells. Annu Rev Nutr. (2009)
- Anzellotti AI, Farrell NP. Zinc metalloproteins as medicinal targets. Chem Soc Rev. (2008)
- Vallee BL, Auld DS. Zinc metallochemistry in biochemistry. EXS. (1995)
- Abreu IA, Cabelli DE. Superoxide dismutases-a review of the metal-associated mechanistic variations. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2010)
- Prasad AS. Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells. Mol Med. (2008)
- Prasad AS. Clinical, immunological, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles of zinc. Exp Gerontol. (2008)
- Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand: Zinc.
- Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition.
- Prasad AS. Clinical manifestations of zinc deficiency. Annu Rev Nutr. (1985)
- Prasad AS. Zinc deficiency in human subjects. Prog Clin Biol Res. (1983)
- Cope EC, Levenson CW. Role of zinc in the development and treatment of mood disorders. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. (2010)
- Takeda A, Tamano H. Insight into zinc signaling from dietary zinc deficiency. Brain Res Rev. (2009)
- Quantifying Selected Major Risks to Health.
- Hambidge M. Human zinc deficiency. J Nutr. (2000)
- Lukaski HC. Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutriture and physical activity. Am J Clin Nutr. (2000)
- Campbell WW, Anderson RA. Effects of aerobic exercise and training on the trace minerals chromium, zinc and copper. Sports Med. (1987)
- Galbo H, et al. Thyroid and testicular hormone responses to graded and prolonged exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. (1977)
- Hackney AC, et al. Comparison of the hormonal responses to exhaustive incremental exercise in adolescent and young adult males. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. (2011)
- Canfield WK, Hambidge KM, Johnson LK. Zinc nutriture in type I diabetes mellitus: relationship to growth measures and metabolic control. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. (1984)
- Kinlaw WB, et al. Abnormal zinc metabolism in type II diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. (1983)
- McNair P, et al. Hyperzincuria in insulin treated diabetes mellitus–its relation to glucose homeostasis and insulin administration. Clin Chim Acta. (1981)
- Zargar AH, et al. Copper, zinc and magnesium levels in type-1 diabetes mellitus. Saudi Med J. (2002)
- Cellular zinc in patients with diabetes mellitus.
- Jansen J, et al. Disturbed zinc homeostasis in diabetic patients by in vitro and in vivo analysis of insulinomimetic activity of zinc. J Nutr Biochem. (2012)
- Aguilar MV, et al. Plasma mineral content in type-2 diabetic patients and their association with the metabolic syndrome. Ann Nutr Metab. (2007)
- Kiilerich S, et al. 65 zinc absorption in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus assessed by whole-body counting technique. Clin Chim Acta. (1990)
- Williams NR, et al. Plasma, granulocyte and mononuclear cell copper and zinc in patients with diabetes mellitus. Analyst. (1995)
- Barrie SA, et al. Comparative absorption of zinc picolinate, zinc citrate and zinc gluconate in humans. Agents Actions. (1987)
- Korolkiewicz RP, et al. Polaprezinc exerts a salutary effect on impaired healing of acute gastric lesions in diabetic rats. Dig Dis Sci. (2000)
- Odenwald MA, Turner JR. Intestinal permeability defects: is it time to treat?. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. (2013)
- Mahmood A, et al. Zinc carnosine, a health food supplement that stabilises small bowel integrity and stimulates gut repair processes. Gut. (2007)
- Weigand E, Kirchgessner M. Homeostatic adjustments in zinc digestion to widely varying dietary zinc intake. Nutr Metab. (1978)
- Effect of dietary zinc on 65-ZN absorption and turnover in rats.
- Wada L, Turnlund JR, King JC. Zinc utilization in young men fed adequate and low zinc intakes. J Nutr. (1985)
- Lee DY, et al. Homeostasis of zinc in marginal human zinc deficiency: role of absorption and endogenous excretion of zinc. J Lab Clin Med. (1993)
- Taylor CM, et al. Homeostatic regulation of zinc absorption and endogenous losses in zinc-deprived men. Am J Clin Nutr. (1991)
- Wong CP, Magnusson KR, Ho E. Increased inflammatory response in aged mice is associated with age-related zinc deficiency and zinc transporter dysregulation. J Nutr Biochem. (2012)
- Beiseigel JM, et al. Zinc absorption adapts to zinc supplementation in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr. (2009)
- Wessells KR, et al. Plasma zinc concentration responds rapidly to the initiation and discontinuation of short-term zinc supplementation in healthy men. J Nutr. (2010)
- Frederickson CJ, et al. Importance of zinc in the central nervous system: the zinc-containing neuron. J Nutr. (2000)
- Barañano DE, Ferris CD, Snyder SH. Atypical neural messengers. Trends Neurosci. (2001)
- Choi DW, Koh JY. Zinc and brain injury. Annu Rev Neurosci. (1998)
- Frederickson CJ, et al. Cytoarchitectonic distribution of zinc in the hippocampus of man and the rat. Brain Res. (1983)
- Harrison NL, Gibbons SJ. Zn2+: an endogenous modulator of ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels. Neuropharmacology. (1994)
- Palm R, Hallmans G. Zinc concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal adults and patients with neurological diseases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. (1982)
- Wensink J, et al. The effect of dietary zinc deficiency on the mossy fiber zinc content of the rat hippocampus. A microbeam PIXE study. Particle Induced X-Ray Emission. Histochemistry. (1987)
- Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R. Pinealectomy and melatonin administration in rats: their effects on plasma leptin levels and relationship with zinc. Acta Biol Hung. (2007)
- Spontaneous and evoked release of endogenous Zn2+ in the hippocampal mossy fiber zone of the rat in situ.
- Sensi SL1, Yin HZ, Weiss JH. AMPA/kainate receptor-triggered Zn2+ entry into cortical neurons induces mitochondrial Zn2+ uptake and persistent mitochondrial dysfunction. Eur J Neurosci. (2000)
- Dineley KE1, et al. Zinc causes loss of membrane potential and elevates reactive oxygen species in rat brain mitochondria. Mitochondrion. (2005)
- Peters S, Koh J, Choi DW. Zinc selectively blocks the action of N-methyl-D-aspartate on cortical neurons. Science. (1987)
- Bancila V, et al. Zinc inhibits glutamate release via activation of pre-synaptic K channels and reduces ischaemic damage in rat hippocampus. J Neurochem. (2004)
- Brambilla P1, et al. Corpus callosum signal intensity in patients with bipolar and unipolar disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. (2004)
- Wu JC1, et al. Magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography imaging of the corpus callosum: size, shape and metabolic rate in unipolar depression. J Affect Disord. (1993)
- Reyes-Haro D1, et al. Uptake of serotonin by adult rat corpus callosum is partially reduced by common antidepressants. J Neurosci Res. (2003)
- García-Colunga J1, et al. Zinc modulation of serotonin uptake in the adult rat corpus callosum. J Neurosci Res. (2005)
- Klein AB1, et al. Blood BDNF concentrations reflect brain-tissue BDNF levels across species. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. (2011)
- Leal G1, Comprido D, Duarte CB. BDNF-induced local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity. Neuropharmacology. (2014)
- Adlam J1, Zaman R. The role of BDNF and memory in major depressive disorder. Psychiatr Danub. (2013)
- Xu H1, et al. Lactational zinc deficiency-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by a BDNF-independent TrkB signaling pathway. Hippocampus. (2011)
- Travaglia A1, et al. Zinc(II) interactions with brain-derived neurotrophic factor N-terminal peptide fragments: inorganic features and biological perspectives. Inorg Chem. (2013)
- Corona C1, et al. Dietary zinc supplementation of 3xTg-AD mice increases BDNF levels and prevents cognitive deficits as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell Death Dis. (2010)
- Hwang JJ1, et al. Activation of the Trk signaling pathway by extracellular zinc. Role of metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem. (2005)
- Yang Y1, et al. High dose zinc supplementation induces hippocampal zinc deficiency and memory impairment with inhibition of BDNF signaling. PLoS One. (2013)
- Solati Z, et al. Zinc monotherapy increases serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and decreases depressive symptoms in overweight or obese subjects: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Neurosci. (2014)
- Ranjbar E, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on efficacy of antidepressant therapy, inflammatory cytokines, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with major depression. Nutr Neurosci. (2014)
- Koh JY, et al. The role of zinc in selective neuronal death after transient global cerebral ischemia. Science. (1996)
- Choi DW. Zinc neurotoxicity may contribute to selective neuronal death following transient global cerebral ischemia. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. (1996)
- Lee JM, et al. Zinc translocation accelerates infarction after mild transient focal ischemia. Neuroscience. (2002)
- Diener HC, et al. DP-b99, a membrane-activated metal ion chelator, as neuroprotective therapy in ischemic stroke. Stroke. (2008)
- Pittenger C, Krystal JH, Coric V. Glutamate-modulating drugs as novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. NeuroRx. (2006)
- Chakrabarty K, et al. Glutamatergic dysfunction in OCD. Neuropsychopharmacology. (2005)
- Starck G, et al. A 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in adults with obsessive compulsive disorder: relationship between metabolite concentrations and symptom severity. J Neural Transm. (2008)
- Coric V, et al. Riluzole augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open-label trial. Biol Psychiatry. (2005)
- Sayyah M, et al. Evaluation of oral zinc sulfate effect on obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutrition. (2012)
- Neurobiology of Zinc-Influenced Eating Behavior.
- Tassabehji NM, et al. Zinc deficiency induces depression-like symptoms in adult rats. Physiol Behav. (2008)
- Ohinata K, et al. Orally administered zinc increases food intake via vagal stimulation in rats. J Nutr. (2009)
- Jing MY, Sun JY, Wang JF. The effect of peripheral administration of zinc on food intake in rats fed Zn-adequate or Zn-deficient diets. Biol Trace Elem Res. (2008)
- Holst B, et al. GPR39 signaling is stimulated by zinc ions but not by obestatin. Endocrinology. (2007)
- Inui A, et al. Ghrelin, appetite, and gastric motility: the emerging role of the stomach as an endocrine organ. FASEB J. (2004)
- Asakawa A, et al. Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin. Gastroenterology. (2001)
- Arnold LE, et al. Zinc for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: placebo-controlled double-blind pilot trial alone and combined with amphetamine. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. (2011)
- Amani R, et al. Correlation between dietary zinc intakes and its serum levels with depression scales in young female students. Biol Trace Elem Res. (2010)
- Siwek M, et al. Serum zinc level in depressed patients during zinc supplementation of imipramine treatment. J Affect Disord. (2010)
- Maes M, et al. Lower serum zinc in major depression is a sensitive marker of treatment resistance and of the immune/inflammatory response in that illness. Biol Psychiatry. (1997)
- Maes M, et al. Hypozincemia in depression. J Affect Disord. (1994)
- Tamano H, et al. Behavior in the forced swim test and neurochemical changes in the hippocampus in young rats after 2-week zinc deprivation. Neurochem Int. (2009)
- Watanabe M, et al. Susceptibility to stress in young rats after 2-week zinc deprivation. Neurochem Int. (2010)
- Ilouz R, et al. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta by bivalent zinc ions: insight into the insulin-mimetic action of zinc. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2002)
- Gould TD, et al. Targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 in the CNS: implications for the development of new treatments for mood disorders. Curr Drug Targets. (2006)
- Little KY, et al. Altered zinc metabolism in mood disorder patients. Biol Psychiatry. (1989)
- Sawada T, Yokoi K. Effect of zinc supplementation on mood states in young women: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. (2010)
- Stewart-Knox BJ, et al. Supplemented zinc does not alter mood in healthy older European adults–a randomised placebo-controlled trial: the Zenith study. Public Health Nutr. (2011)
- Siwek M, et al. Zinc supplementation augments efficacy of imipramine in treatment resistant patients: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord. (2009)
- Tahmasebi Boroujeni S, et al. The effect of severe zinc deficiency and zinc supplement on spatial learning and memory. Biol Trace Elem Res. (2009)
- Flinn JM1, et al. Enhanced zinc consumption causes memory deficits and increased brain levels of zinc. Physiol Behav. (2005)
- Mizuno M1, et al. Involvement of BDNF receptor TrkB in spatial memory formation. Learn Mem. (2003)
- Piechal A1, et al. Maternal zinc supplementation improves spatial memory in rat pups. Biol Trace Elem Res. (2012)
- Railey AM1, et al. Alterations in fear response and spatial memory in pre- and post-natal zinc supplemented rats: remediation by copper. Physiol Behav. (2010)
- Aquilani R, et al. Normalization of zinc intake enhances neurological retrieval of patients suffering from ischemic strokes. Nutr Neurosci. (2009)
- Hennig B, Toborek M, Mcclain CJ. Antiatherogenic properties of zinc: implications in endothelial cell metabolism. Nutrition. (1996)
- Beattie JH, Kwun IS. Is zinc deficiency a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Br J Nutr. (2004)
- Yang YJ, et al. Dietary zinc intake is inversely related to subclinical atherosclerosis measured by carotid intima-media thickness. Br J Nutr. (2010)
- Bao B, et al. Zinc decreases C-reactive protein, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory cytokines in elderly subjects: a potential implication of zinc as an atheroprotective agent. Am J Clin Nutr. (2010)
- Kelishadi R, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on markers of insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation among prepubescent children with metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. (2010)
- Jansen J, Karges W, Rink L. Zinc and diabetes–clinical links and molecular mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem. (2009)
- Eldar-Finkelman H, Krebs EG. Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 by glycogen synthase kinase 3 impairs insulin action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1997)
- Correlation between zinc status and immune function in the elderly.
- Meftah S, et al. Ecto 5′ nucleotidase (5’NT) as a sensitive indicator of human zinc deficiency. J Lab Clin Med. (1991)
- Blostein-Fujii A, et al. Short-term zinc supplementation in women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects on plasma 5′-nucleotidase activities, insulin-like growth factor I concentrations, and lipoprotein oxidation rates in vitro. Am J Clin Nutr. (1997)
- Hashemipour M, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on insulin resistance and components of the metabolic syndrome in prepubertal obese children. Hormones (Athens). (2009)
- Seet RC, et al. Oral zinc supplementation does not improve oxidative stress or vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes with normal zinc levels.Atherosclerosis. (2011)
- Mantzoros CS, et al. Zinc may regulate serum leptin concentrations in humans. J Am Coll Nutr. (1998)
- Prasad AS, et al. Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr. (2007)
- The Dynamic Link between the Integrity of the Immune System and Zinc Status.
- Singh M, Das RR. Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2011)
- Ganguly A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of oral zinc in acute pneumonia in children aged between 2 months to 5 years. Indian J Pediatr. (2011)
- Wadhwa N, et al. Efficacy of zinc given as an adjunct in the treatment of severe and very severe pneumonia in hospitalized children 2-24 mo of age: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. (2013)
- Valentiner-Branth P, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of zinc as adjuvant therapy in children 2-35 mo of age with severe or nonsevere pneumonia in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Am J Clin Nutr. (2010)
- Shah GS, et al. Role of zinc in severe pneumonia: a randomized double bind placebo controlled study. Ital J Pediatr. (2012)
- Srinivasan MG, et al. Zinc adjunct therapy reduces case fatality in severe childhood pneumonia: a randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial. BMC Med. (2012)
- Basnet S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of zinc as adjuvant therapy for severe pneumonia in young children. Pediatrics. (2012)
- Valavi E, et al. The efficacy of zinc supplementation on outcome of children with severe pneumonia. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.Indian J Pediatr. (2011)
- Chandyo RK, et al. Two weeks of zinc administration to Nepalese children with pneumonia does not reduce the incidence of pneumonia or diarrhea during the next six months. J Nutr. (2010)
- Baum MK, et al. HIV-1 infection in women is associated with severe nutritional deficiencies. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. (1997)
- Beach RS, et al. Specific nutrient abnormalities in asymptomatic HIV-1 infection. AIDS. (1992)
- Jones CY, et al. Micronutrient levels and HIV disease status in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in the Nutrition for Healthy Living cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. (2006)
- Graham NM, et al. Relationship of serum copper and zinc levels to HIV-1 seropositivity and progression to AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. (1991)
- Falutz J, Tsoukas C, Gold P. Zinc as a cofactor in human immunodeficiency virus-induced immunosuppression. JAMA. (1988)
- Baum MK, et al. Zinc status in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and illicit drug use. Clin Infect Dis. (2003)
- Tang AM, et al. Dietary micronutrient intake and risk of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected homosexual men. Am J Epidemiol. (1993)
- Baum MK, et al. Randomized, controlled clinical trial of zinc supplementation to prevent immunological failure in HIV-infected adults. Clin Infect Dis. (2010)
- Mocchegiani E, et al. Benefit of oral zinc supplementation as an adjunct to zidovudine (AZT) therapy against opportunistic infections in AIDS. Int J Immunopharmacol. (1995)
- Kara E, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on antioxidant activity in young wrestlers. Biol Trace Elem Res. (2010)
- Chang CS, et al. Correlation between serum testosterone level and concentrations of copper and zinc in hair tissue. Biol Trace Elem Res. (2011)
- Prasad AS, et al. Zinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults. Nutrition. (1996)
- Zeng Q, et al. Associations of urinary metal concentrations and circulating testosterone in Chinese men. Reprod Toxicol. (2013)
- Lei KY, Abbasi A, Prasad AS. Function of pituitary-gonadal axis in zinc-deficient rats. Am J Physiol. (1976)
- Om AS, Chung KW. Dietary zinc deficiency alters 5 alpha-reduction and aromatization of testosterone and androgen and estrogen receptors in rat liver. J Nutr. (1996)
- Chung KW, et al. Androgen receptors in ventral prostate glands of zinc deficient rats. Life Sci. (1986)
- Habib FK. Zinc and the steroid endocrinology of the human prostate. J Steroid Biochem. (1978)
- Kaya O, et al. Zinc supplementation in rats subjected to acute swimming exercise: Its effect on testosterone levels and relation with lactate. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. (2006)
- Sankako MK, et al. Possible mechanism by which zinc protects the testicular function of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Pharmacol Rep. (2012)
- Jalali GR, et al. Impact of oral zinc therapy on the level of sex hormones in male patients on hemodialysis. Ren Fail. (2010)
- Netter A, Hartoma R, Nahoul K. Effect of zinc administration on plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and sperm count. Arch Androl. (1981)
- Shafiei Neek L, Gaeini AA, Choobineh S. Effect of zinc and selenium supplementation on serum testosterone and plasma lactate in cyclist after an exhaustive exercise bout. Biol Trace Elem Res. (2011)
- Kilic M, et al. The effect of exhaustion exercise on thyroid hormones and testosterone levels of elite athletes receiving oral zinc. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. (2006)
- Kilic M. Effect of fatiguing bicycle exercise on thyroid hormone and testosterone levels in sedentary males supplemented with oral zinc. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. (2007)
- Stamatiadis D, Bulteau-Portois MC, Mowszowicz I. Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid. Br J Dermatol. (1988)
- Fahim MS, et al. Zinc arginine, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, reduces rat ventral prostate weight and DNA without affecting testicular function. Andrologia. (1993)
- Leake A, Chisholm GD, Habib FK. The effect of zinc on the 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone by the hyperplastic human prostate gland. J Steroid Biochem. (1984)
- Sugimoto Y, et al. Cations inhibit specifically type I 5 alpha-reductase found in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. (1995)
- Cesur Y, Yordaman N, Doğan M. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels in children with zinc deficiency and the effect of zinc supplementation on these parameters. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. (2009)
- Rodondi A, et al. Zinc increases the effects of essential amino acids-whey protein supplements in frail elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. (2009)
- Konukoglu D, et al. Relationship between plasma leptin and zinc levels and the effect of insulin and oxidative stress on leptin levels in obese diabetic patients. J Nutr Biochem. (2004)
- Ott ES, Shay NF. Zinc deficiency reduces leptin gene expression and leptin secretion in rat adipocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). (2001)
- Kwun IS, et al. Marginal zinc deficiency in rats decreases leptin expression independently of food intake and corticotrophin-releasing hormone in relation to food intake. Br J Nutr. (2007)
- Saladin R, et al. Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration. Nature. (1995)
- Grunfeld C, et al. Endotoxin and cytokines induce expression of leptin, the ob gene product, in hamsters. J Clin Invest. (1996)
- Beck FW, et al. Changes in cytokine production and T cell subpopulations in experimentally induced zinc-deficient humans. Am J Physiol. (1997)
- Human Zinc Deficiency.
- Gustin concentration changes relative to salivary zinc and taste in humans.
- Heyneman CA. Zinc deficiency and taste disorders. Ann Pharmacother. (1996)
- Tupe RP, Chiplonkar SA. Zinc supplementation improved cognitive performance and taste acuity in Indian adolescent girls. J Am Coll Nutr. (2009)
- Mahmoodi MR, Kimiagar SM. Prevalence of zinc deficiency in junior high school students of Tehran City. Biol Trace Elem Res. (2001)
- Hettiarachchi M, et al. Prevalence and severity of micronutrient deficiency: a cross-sectional study among adolescents in Sri Lanka. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. (2006)
- Lyckholm L, et al. A randomized, placebo controlled trial of oral zinc for chemotherapy-related taste and smell disorders. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. (2012)
- Uçkardeş Y, et al. The effect of systemic zinc supplementation on oral health in low socioeconomic level children. Turk J Pediatr. (2009)
- Kirchhoff P, et al. Zinc salts provide a novel, prolonged and rapid inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Am J Gastroenterol. (2011)
- Sturniolo GC, et al. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion reduces zinc absorption in man. J Am Coll Nutr. (1991)
- Loguercio C, et al. Trace elements and chronic liver diseases. J Trace Elem Med Biol. (1997)
- Nakayama A, et al. A new diagnostic method for chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma based on serum metallothionein, copper, and zinc levels. Biol Pharm Bull. (2002)
- Lin CC, et al. Selenium, iron, copper, and zinc levels and copper-to-zinc ratios in serum of patients at different stages of viral hepatic diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res. (2006)
- Nutritional Status and Blood Trace Elements in Cirrhotic Patients.
- Somi MH, et al. Effects of low dose zinc supplementation on biochemical markers in non-alcoholic cirrhosis: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Iran Med. (2012)
- Sturniolo GC, et al. Zinc supplementation tightens „leaky gut“ in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. (2001)
- Zinc Supplementation Inhibits Hepatic Apoptosis in Mice Subjected to a Long-Term Ethanol Exposure.
- Preservation of Intestinal Structural Integrity by Zinc Is Independent of Metallothionein in Alcohol-Intoxicated Mice.
- Zhou Z, et al. Zinc supplementation prevents alcoholic liver injury in mice through attenuation of oxidative stress. Am J Pathol. (2005)
- Zinc Deficiency Mediates Alcohol-Induced Alveolar Epithelial and Macrophage Dysfunction in Rats.
- Kang YJ, Zhou Z. Zinc prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Mol Aspects Med. (2005)
- Kang WS, et al. Effects of a zinc-deficient diet on hearing in CBA mice. Neuroreport. (2012)
- Hoeve LJ, Wensink J, Mertens zur Borg IR. Hearing loss related to zinc deficiency in rats. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. (1990)
- Franco-Vidal V, et al. Zinc protection against pneumolysin toxicity on rat cochlear hair cells. Audiol Neurootol. (2008)
- Coelho CB, Tyler R, Hansen M. Zinc as a possible treatment for tinnitus. Prog Brain Res. (2007)
- Sha SH, et al. Overexpression of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase protects from kanamycin-induced hearing loss. Audiol Neurootol. (2001)
- Shambaugh GE Jr. Zinc for tinnitus, imbalance, and hearing loss in the elderly. Am J Otol. (1986)
- Arda HN, et al. The role of zinc in the treatment of tinnitus. Otol Neurotol. (2003)
- Ochi K, et al. Zinc deficiency and tinnitus. Auris Nasus Larynx. (2003)
- Yetiser S, et al. The role of zinc in management of tinnitus. Auris Nasus Larynx. (2002)
- Yang CH, et al. Zinc in the treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Laryngoscope. (2011)
- Kumari D, Nair N, Bedwal RS. Testicular apoptosis after dietary zinc deficiency: ultrastructural and TUNEL studies. Syst Biol Reprod Med. (2011)
- Clegg MS, et al. Zinc deficiency-induced cell death. IUBMB Life. (2005)
- Nodera M, Yanagisawa H, Wada O. Increased apoptosis in a variety of tissues of zinc-deficient rats. Life Sci. (2001)
- Kumari D, Nair N, Bedwal RS. Protein carbonyl, 3β-, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in testes and serum FSH, LH, and testosterone levels in zinc deficient Wistar rats. Biofactors. (2012)
- Bahuguna A, Bedwal RS. Testicular protein profile (SDS-PAGE) study of zinc deficient Wistar albino rat. Indian J Exp Biol. (2008)
- Kumari D, Nair N, Bedwal RS. Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on testes of Wistar rats: Morphometric and cell quantification studies. J Trace Elem Med Biol. (2011)
- Merrells KJ, et al. Relationship between abnormal sperm morphology induced by dietary zinc deficiency and lipid composition in testes of growing rats. Br J Nutr. (2009)
- Croxford TP, McCormick NH, Kelleher SL. Moderate zinc deficiency reduces testicular Zip6 and Zip10 abundance and impairs spermatogenesis in mice. J Nutr. (2011)
- Yamaguchi S, et al. Zinc is an essential trace element for spermatogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2009)
- Sangthawan D, Phungrassami T, Sinkitjarurnchai W. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of zinc sulfate supplementation for alleviation of radiation-induced oral mucositis and pharyngitis in head and neck cancer patients. J Med Assoc Thai. (2013)
- Saadeh CE. Chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis: review of preventive strategies and treatment. Pharmacotherapy. (2005)
- Mansouri A, et al. The effect of zinc sulfate in the prevention of high-dose chemotherapy-induced mucositis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Hematol Oncol. (2012)
- Arbabi-kalati F, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of zinc sulfate in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced mucositis: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Arch Iran Med. (2012)
- Ertekin MV, et al. Zinc sulfate in the prevention of radiation-induced oropharyngeal mucositis: a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. (2004)
- Halyard MY. Taste and smell alterations in cancer patients–real problems with few solutions. J Support Oncol. (2009)
- Hong JH, et al. Taste and odor abnormalities in cancer patients. J Support Oncol. (2009)
- Henkin RI, Martin BM, Agarwal RP. Decreased parotid saliva gustin/carbonic anhydrase VI secretion: an enzyme disorder manifested by gustatory and olfactory dysfunction. Am J Med Sci. (1999)
- Henkin RI, Martin BM, Agarwal RP. Efficacy of exogenous oral zinc in treatment of patients with carbonic anhydrase VI deficiency. Am J Med Sci. (1999)
- Dreno B, et al. Acne: evolution of the clinical practice and therapeutic management of acne between 1996 and 2000. Eur J Dermatol. (2003)
- Ozuguz P, et al. Evaluation of serum vitamins A and E and zinc levels according to the severity of acne vulgaris. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. (2013)
- Michaëlsson G, Vahlquist A, Juhlin L. Serum zinc and retinol-binding protein in acne. Br J Dermatol. (1977)
- Nasiri S, et al. Serum zinc levels in Iranian patients with acne. Clin Exp Dermatol. (2009)
- Leibovici V, et al. Effect of zinc therapy on neutrophil chemotaxis in psoriasis. Isr J Med Sci. (1990)
- Dreno B, et al. Zinc salts effects on granulocyte zinc concentration and chemotaxis in acne patients. Acta Derm Venereol. (1992)
- Göransson K, Lidén S, Odsell L. Oral zinc in acne vulgaris: a clinical and methodological study. Acta Derm Venereol. (1978)
- Verma KC, Saini AS, Dhamija SK. Oral zinc sulphate therapy in acne vulgaris: a double-blind trial. Acta Derm Venereol. (1980)
- Dreno B, et al. Multicenter randomized comparative double-blind controlled clinical trial of the safety and efficacy of zinc gluconate versus minocycline hydrochloride in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris. Dermatology. (2001)
- Dreno B, et al. Low doses of zinc gluconate for inflammatory acne. Acta Derm Venereol. (1989)
- Mun JH, et al. Oral zinc sulfate treatment for viral warts: an open-label study. J Dermatol. (2011)
- Al-Gurairi FT, Al-Waiz M, Sharquie KE. Oral zinc sulphate in the treatment of recalcitrant viral warts: randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Br J Dermatol. (2002)
- Sharquie KE, Khorsheed AA, Al-Nuaimy AA. Topical zinc sulphate solution for treatment of viral warts. Saudi Med J. (2007)
- Chapter 43. Rosacea, Perioral Dermatitis and Similar Dermatoses, Flushing and Flushing Syndromes.
- Sharquie KE, Najim RA, Al-Salman HN. Oral zinc sulfate in the treatment of rosacea: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Dermatol. (2006)
- Bamford JT, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of 220 mg zinc sulfate twice daily in the treatment of rosacea. Int J Dermatol. (2012)
- Crutchfield CE 3rd, Lewis EJ, Zelickson BD. The highly effective use of topical zinc pyrithione in the treatment of psoriasis: a case report. Dermatol Online J. (1997)
- Sadeghian G, Ziaei H, Nilforoushzadeh MA. Treatment of localized psoriasis with a topical formulation of zinc pyrithione. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat. (2011)
- Kashefi F1, et al. Comparison of the effect of ginger and zinc sulfate on primary dysmenorrhea: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Pain Manag Nurs. (2014)
- Boom A1, et al. Bimodal modulation of tau protein phosphorylation and conformation by extracellular Zn2+ in human-tau transfected cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2009)
- Mo ZY1, et al. Low micromolar zinc accelerates the fibrillization of human tau via bridging of Cys-291 and Cys-322. J Biol Chem. (2009)
- Cuajungco MP1, Fagét KY. Zinc takes the center stage: its paradoxical role in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. (2003)
- Bush AI1, Tanzi RE. Therapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease based on the metal hypothesis. Neurotherapeutics. (2008)
- Harris LA, et al. Celiac disease: clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic review. Gastrointest Endosc. (2012)
- Rostom A, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of serologic tests for celiac disease: a systematic review. Gastroenterology. (2005)
- Singhal N, et al. Serum zinc levels in celiac disease. Indian Pediatr. (2008)
- Solomons NW, Rosenberg IH, Sandstead HH. Zinc nutrition in celiac sprue. Am J Clin Nutr. (1976)
- Rawal P, et al. Zinc supplementation to patients with celiac disease–is it required. J Trop Pediatr. (2010)
- Najafabadi MM, et al. Zinc sulfate for relief of pruritus in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Ther Apher Dial. (2012)
- Wilborn CD, et al. Effects of Zinc Magnesium Aspartate (ZMA) Supplementation on Training Adaptations and Markers of Anabolism and Catabolism. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2004)
- Roehrborn CG, et al. Effects of finasteride on serum testosterone and body mass index in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. (2003)
- Uddin RK, Singh SM. Ethanol-responsive genes: identification of transcription factors and their role in metabolomics. Pharmacogenomics J. (2007)
- Carey LC, et al. Maternal ethanol exposure is associated with decreased plasma zinc and increased fetal abnormalities in normal but not metallothionein-null mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. (2000)
- Carey LC, et al. Ethanol decreases zinc transfer to the fetus in normal but not metallothionein-null mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. (2000)
- Carey LC, et al. Zinc supplementation at the time of ethanol exposure ameliorates teratogenicity in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. (2003)
- Summers BL, Rofe AM, Coyle P. Dietary zinc supplementation throughout pregnancy protects against fetal dysmorphology and improves postnatal survival after prenatal ethanol exposure in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. (2009)
- Summers BL, et al. Dietary zinc supplementation during pregnancy prevents spatial and object recognition memory impairments caused by early prenatal ethanol exposure. Behav Brain Res. (2008)
- Summers BL, Rofe AM, Coyle P. Prenatal zinc treatment at the time of acute ethanol exposure limits spatial memory impairments in mouse offspring. Pediatr Res. (2006)
- Gunshin H, et al. Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter. Nature. (1997)
- Tandy S, et al. Nramp2 expression is associated with pH-dependent iron uptake across the apical membrane of human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Biol Chem. (2000)
- Olivares M, et al. Acute inhibition of iron bioavailability by zinc: studies in humans. Biometals. (2012)
- Olivares M, Pizarro F, Ruz M. New insights about iron bioavailability inhibition by zinc. Nutrition. (2007)
- Olivares M, Pizarro F, Ruz M. Zinc inhibits nonheme iron bioavailability in humans. Biol Trace Elem Res. (2007)
- Friel JK, et al. Elevated intakes of zinc in infant formulas don not interfere with iron absorption in premature infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. (1998)
- Olivares M, et al. Effect of increasing concentrations of zinc on the absorption of iron from iron-fortified milk. Biol Trace Elem Res. (2012)
- Bukovský, I. 2009. Miniencyklopédia prírodnej liečby. 1. vyd. Bratislava: AKV –ambulancia klinickej výživy, 2009. 224 s. ISBN 978-80-970230-0-3