Cuprum – Cu
- Základná charakteristika
- Biologické a vedecké súvislosti
- Prejavy nedostatku
- Prírodné zdroje
- Odporúčaná denná dávka (ODD)
- Vzájomné interakcie
- Literatúra
Základná charakteristika
Meď je nepostrádeteľným stopovým prvkom pre antioxidačné enzýmy ľudského tela. Dostatok medi získame z bežnej stravy a vody. O užitočnosti konzumácie doplnkov medi existuje iba málo dôkazov. Pri niektorých prípadoch Alzheimerovej choroby sa vyskytuje nadbytok medi v tele.
Meď telo používa na mnoho rozličných procesov. Jej hlavnou funkciou je katalyzácia oxidačno-redukčných reakcií, ktoré sú dôležité pre správne fungovanie mnohých enzýmov.
Chemické reakcie katalyzované meďou sú nevyhnutné aj pre imunitné funkcie. Vekom postupne stúpa množstvo medi v tele. Tento vzostup je strmší u ľudí postihnutých Alzheimerovou chorobou. Množstvo medi sa spája aj so závažnosťou symptómov Alzheimerovej choroby. Preto niektorí odborníci odporúčajú znížiť príjem medi u starých ľudí.
Celkovo sa v priemernom ľudskom tele (hmotnosť 70 kg) nachádza približne 110 mg medi. Väčšina z nej (47 %) sa nachádza v kostiach, 27 % v kostrovej svalovine, 9 % v mozgu, 6 % cirkuluje v krvi a zvyšok sa skladuje v pečeni.(67)(68) Väčšina medi v krvi (85-95 %) je pevne viazaná na proteín ceruloplasmin. Zvyšok je voľne viazaný na albumín a označuje sa ako voľná meď.(46)
Jej množstvo je zdravotne významnejšie, pretože sa ľahko uvoľňuje a pôsobí v okolitých tkanivách. Jej nahromadenie môže spôsobiť niektoré ochorenia (napr. Wilsonovu chorobu).(63) Tieto choroby sa spájajú so zníženou hladinou ceruloplazmínu, čím dôjde k zvýšeniu množstva voľnej medi,(64) ale nie je to jediná príčina.(65)
Biologické a vedecké súvislosti
Meď je dôležitým kofaktorom mnohých enzýmov, ktoré v tele katalyzujú redoxné reakcie.(5)(6) Zo zdravotného hľadiska patrí k najdôležitejším takýmto enzýmom meď, zinok superoxid dismutáza (Cu,Zn-SOD),(7) kde meď v spolupráci so zinkom transformuje toxické anióny superoxidu na peroxid.(8)(9) SOD vykazuje aj nešpecifickú peroxidázovú aktivitu závislú na CO2. Pritom dochádza k oxidácii CO2 na CO3– (8)(9), ktorý potom slúži ako oxidovaný medziprodukt bunkového metabolizmu.(11)(12)
Existuje aj varianta SOD, ktorá namiesto medi a zinku využíva mangán.(13) Oba tieto enzýmy majú rovnakú funkciu,(14) hlavný rozdiel spočíva v tom kde v tele sa každý enzým vyskytuje.
Okrem kofaktoru enzýmov sú ióny medi dôležitými stimulantami imunitného systému a ich nedostatok zhoršuje odpoveď na antigény(15)(16) a môže spôsobiť zníženie počtu neutrofilov.(17)(18) Treba si však uvedomiť, že meď je stopový prvok a na dosiahnutie optimálneho zdravia stačia relatívne nízke koncentrácie. Vo vysokých koncentráciách je meď toxická!
Vstrebávanie
Pri vstrebávaní medi zohráva dôležitú úlohu kyslé prostredie žalúdka, ktoré uvoľňuje meď viazanú v potrave.(43) Väčšina medi v potravinách je viazaná v komplexoch s inými molekulami. Takáto meď sa môže vstrebávať do organizmu až po uvoľnení z týchto komplexov. Voľná meď sa môže vstrebávať priamo cez sliznicu žalúdka alebo v tenkom čreve.(44) V čreve je vstrebávanie medi sprostredkované rovnakým prenášačom ako vstrebávanie zinku (prenášač TnTs)(48)(49) a aj bežným bivalentným prenášačom katiónov DMT1(50), ktorý prenáša aj ostatné minerály.(51) Meď má aj vlastný prenášač CRT1, ktorý môže sprostredkovávať aj prenos zinku a železa.(51) Ak je meď viazaná v komplexoch s aminokyselinami, tak pri jej vstrebávaní pomáhajú aj prenášače aminokyselín.(52)
Účinnosť vstrebávania medi z potravy je okolo 30-40 %,(53) no medzi jedincami sú značné rozdiely aj keď ich strava obsahuje rovnaké množstvo medi.(54)
Ukazuje sa, že meď viazanú v potrave spracováva telo inak ako meď obsiahnutú vo vode alebo výživových doplnkoch.(46) Voľná meď sa vstrebáva rýchlo a rýchlo sa objaví v krvi. Meď viazaná v potrave sa vstrebáva pomalšie a je spracovávaná v pečeni.(47)
Vysoká koncentrácia zinku v tenkom čreve môže naštartovať syntézu bielkoviny – metalotioneín, ktorý viaže zinok a aj meď, čím znižuje vstrebávanie oboch prvkov.(55)(56) Syntézu tohto proteínu môže spustiť aj meď.(57) Meď sa ale zvyčajne neužíva v množstvách, ktoré by interferovali so vstrebávaním zinku.(58)
Vstrebávaniu medi môže napomôcť vysokoproteínová diéta.(60)(61) Naopak vysoký príjem fytokyselín môže absorpciu medi redukovať.(59)
Neurológia
Meď môže prispievať k oxidačnému stresu, ktorý zohráva úlohu pri vzniku úzkostných porúch.(69) Navyše meď inhibuje GABA receptory(70)(71) a správny prenos vzruchov cez tieto receptory tiež zohráva úlohu pri úzkostných poruchách a depresii.(72)
U pacientov s depresiou sú konzistentne zvýšené hodnoty medi v krvi.(75)(76)(77)
Srdcovo-cievny systém
U ľudí s chorobami srdca sa často zisťuje nízke množstvo medi v srdcovom tkanive, pričom zároveň býva zvýšené množstvo medi v krvi.(78)(79)(80)(81)(82)
Pri cukrovke typu 2 pomáhajú chelátory medi zmierniť hypertrofiu ľavej srdcovej komory.(83)(84)
Množstvo medi v krvnom sére súvisí aj s aterosklerózou, pričom vyššie hodnoty korelujú so závažnejšími poškodeniami artérií.(88) Pri ateroskleróze sa tiež pozorovalo vyššie množstvo medi v stene tepien.(89)
Znížené množstvo plazmatickej medi sa vyskytuje u ľudí s diagnostikovanou hypertenziou.(90)
Meď nemá žiadny efekt na množstvo cholesterolu ani na lipidový profil krvnej plazmy.(85)(91)(92)(93)
Imunitný systém
Meď je dôležitá pre správnu funkciu bielych krviniek a pomáha makrofágom a neutrofilným granulocytom likvidovať prenikajúce patogény, pretože zohráva dôležitú úlohu v procese produkcie toxických reaktívnych foriem kyslíka vo fagozómoch (fagocytovaných baktériách obalených bunkovou membránou).(112)(113)(114)(115)(116)
Prejavy nedostatku
Nedostatok medi sa vyskytuje pomerne vzácne. Ak zásoby medi v tele poklesnú, tak sa zvýši jej vstrebávanie v tenkom čreve.(23) Podobne ak klesne množstvo medi v strave, tak sa jej vstrebávanie stane efektívnejšie.(22)
Pokusy na laboratórnych potkanoch ukázali, že nedostatočný príjem medi sa spája so zvýšeným výskytom zápalov, pozmenenou funkciou kardiovaskulárneho systému, pozmenenou štruktúrou mitochondrií a chybnou funkciou srdca.(28)(29) K zmenám dochádza aj v toku krvi a zvyšuje sa krvácavosť.(30)(31) Tieto zmeny sú vratné a odstránia sa po návrate medi na dostatočnú úroveň.(36)(37)
Skutočný deficit medi vyúsťuje do neurologických problémov podobných nedostatku vitamínu B12. Avšak takéto stavy sa zaznamenali iba ako následok vážnych gastrointestinálnych operačných zákrokov, po ktorých bolo významne narušené vstrebávanie medi.(38)(39)(40)
Prírodné zdroje
Meď je bežne prítomná v potrave(1) a pitnej vode.(2)
Odporúčaná denná dávka (ODD)
Doplnkové preparáty zvyčajne obsahujú 1 mg medi, ale momentálne sa zdá, že na doplnkové užívanie medi nie je žiadny významný dôvod. Dávky do 1 mg sa zdajú byť bezpečné počas krátkodobého užívania, ale vyšším dávkam sa treba vyhýbať.
ODD sú:(5)(19)
- 0,34 mg pre deti 1-3 roky
- 0,44 mg pre deti 4-8 rokov
- 0,7 mg pre deti 9-13
- 0,89 mg pre adolescentov 14-18
- 0,9 mg pre dospelých oboch pohlaví
Dávka sa zvyšuje na 1 mg pre tehotné ženy a na 1,3 mg pre ženy počas kojenia.(5)(19)
U seniorov sa odporúča dávka 0,9 mg hoci niektoré zdroje odporúčajú nižšie dávky.(20)(21)
V rozvinutých krajinách je ODD medi dostatočne zabezpečená bežnou stravou.
Vzájomné interakcie
Zinok
Vysoké dávky zinku môžu brániť absorpcii medi. V extrémnom prípade to môže vyústiť ku kognitívnym poruchám až smrti v dôsledku nedostatku medi. Pri bežných doplnkoch stravy (15-50 mg zinku) je nepravdepodobný vznik deficitu medi. Všetky známe prípady zinkom spôsobeného deficitu medi vznikli v dôsledku náhodného predávkovania zinkom (500 mg a viac).(144)(145)(146)(147)(148)(150)(151)(152)(153)(154)
Aminokyseliny
Meď má množstvo interakcií s aminokyselinami najmä v tenkom čreve, kde môže dôjsť k zlepšeniu aj zhoršeniu jej vstrebávania. Zdá sa, že zvýšený príjem proteínov podporuje vstrebávanie medi.(52)(53)(60) Niektoré aminokyseliny (L-histidín) znižujú vstrebávanie medi,(155) a iné ho zlepšujú (glycín, L-tryptofán, L-metionín).(52)
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