Epigalokatechín galát – EGCG

Literatúra

  1. Zhong L, Furne JK, Levitt MD. An extract of black, green, and mulberry teas causes malabsorption of carbohydrate but not of triacylglycerol in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. (2006)
  2. Park YS, et al. Comparison of the nutrient and chemical contents of traditional Korean Chungtaejeon and green teas. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. (2010)
  3. Park SK, et al. A combination of green tea extract and l-theanine improves memory and attention in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Med Food. (2011)
  4. Improvement of Memory Impairment by the Combination of Green Tea Extract and L-Theanine through Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Mice.
  5. Mantione KJ, Kream RM, Stefano GB. Catechol-O-methyltransferase: potential relationship to idiopathic hypertension. Arch Med Sci. (2010)
  6. Lu H, Meng X, Yang CS. Enzymology of methylation of tea catechins and inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. Drug Metab Dispos. (2003)
  7. Keränen T, et al. Inhibition of soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase and single-dose pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of entacapone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (1994)
  8. Nissinen E, et al. Biochemical and pharmacological properties of a peripherally acting catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor entacapone. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. (1992)
  9. Okushio K, et al. Methylation of tea catechins by rat liver homogenates. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (1999)
  10. Lautala P, Ulmanen I, Taskinen J. Radiochemical high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of catechol O-methyltransferase activity towards various substrates. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. (1999)
  11. O-Methylation of Tea Polyphenols Catalyzed by Human Placental Cytosolic Catechol-O-Methyltransferase.
  12. Gugler R, Dengler HJ. Inhibition of human liver catechol-O-methyltransferase by flavonoids. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. (1973)
  13. Chen D, et al. Inhibition of human liver catechol-O-methyltransferase by tea catechins and their metabolites: structure-activity relationship and molecular-modeling studies. Biochem Pharmacol. (2005)
  14. Steffen Y, et al. Mono-O-methylated flavanols and other flavonoids as inhibitors of endothelial NADPH oxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys. (2008)
  15. Werner P, et al. COMT-dependent protection of dopaminergic neurons by methionine, dimethionine and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) against L-dopa toxicity in vitro. Brain Res. (2001)
  16. Ghimire LV, et al. Catecholamine pathway gene variation is associated with norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations at rest and after exercise. Pharmacogenet Genomics. (2012)
  17. Miller RJ, et al. The impact of the catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype on vascular function and blood pressure after acute green tea ingestion. Mol Nutr Food Res. (2012)
  18. Inoue-Choi M, et al. Genetic Association Between the COMT Genotype and Urinary Levels of Tea Polyphenols and Their Metabolites among Daily Green Tea Drinkers. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet. (2010)
  19. Hodgson AB, et al. Metabolic response to green tea extract during rest and moderate-intensity exercise. J Nutr Biochem. (2012)
  20. Rea VE et al.. 67 kDa laminin receptor: structure, function and role in cancer and infection. Infex Med. (2012)
  21. Pellegrini R et al.. Laminin receptor expression and function in small-cell lung carcinoma. Int J Cancer Suppl. (1994)
  22. Tachibana H et al.. A receptor for green tea polyphenol EGCG. Nat Struct Mol Biol. (2004)
  23. Warden BA, et al. Catechins are bioavailable in men and women drinking black tea throughout the day. J Nutr. (2001)
  24. Lambert JD1, et al. Piperine enhances the bioavailability of the tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice. J Nutr. (2004)
  25. Chen L1, et al. Absorption, distribution, elimination of tea polyphenols in rats. Drug Metab Dispos. (1997)
  26. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Is Absorbed but Extensively Glucuronidated Following Oral Administration to Mice.
  27. Konishi Y, Kobayashi S, Shimizu M. Tea polyphenols inhibit the transport of dietary phenolic acids mediated by the monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT) in intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Agric Food Chem. (2003)
  28. Naumovski N, Blades BL, Roach PD. Food Inhibits the Oral Bioavailability of the Major Green Tea Antioxidant Epigallocatechin Gallate in Humans. Antioxidants. (2015)
  29. Chow HH, et al. Effects of dosing condition on the oral bioavailability of green tea catechins after single-dose administration of Polyphenon E in healthy individuals. Clin Cancer Res. (2005)
  30. Lambert JD1, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is absorbed but extensively glucuronidated following oral administration to mice. J Nutr. (2003)
  31. Tamura H, Matsui M. Inhibitory effects of green tea and grape juice on the phenol sulfotransferase activity of mouse intestines and human colon carcinoma cell line, Caco-2. Biol Pharm Bull. (2000)
  32. Isozaki T, Tamura H. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibits the sulfation of 1-naphthol in a human colon carcinoma cell line, Caco-2. Biol Pharm Bull. (2001)
  33. Chow HH, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of green tea polyphenols after multiple-dose administration of epigallocatechin gallate and polyphenon E in healthy individuals. Clin Cancer Res. (2003)
  34. Pharmacokinetics of Tea Catechins after Ingestion of Green Tea and (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate by Humans Formation of Different Metabolites and Individual Variability.
  35. Ullmann U, et al. Plasma-kinetic characteristics of purified and isolated green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) after 10 days repeated dosing in healthy volunteers. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. (2004)
  36. Effects of Dosing Condition on the Oral Bioavailability of Green Tea Catechins after Single-Dose Administration of Polyphenon E in Healthy Individuals.
  37. Del Rio D, et al. Bioavailability and catabolism of green tea flavan-3-ols in humans. Nutrition. (2010)
  38. Sang S, et al. Human urinary metabolite profile of tea polyphenols analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with data-dependent acquisition. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. (2008)
  39. Yang CS, et al. Blood and urine levels of tea catechins after ingestion of different amounts of green tea by human volunteers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. (1998)
  40. Henning SM, et al. Bioavailability and antioxidant effect of epigallocatechin gallate administered in purified form versus as green tea extract in healthy individuals. J Nutr Biochem. (2005)
  41. Phase I pharmacokinetic study of tea polyphenols following single-dose administration of epigallocatechin gallate and polyphenon E.
  42. Hong J, et al. Involvement of multidrug resistance-associated proteins in regulating cellular levels of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and its methyl metabolites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2003)
  43. Lambert JD, Sang S, Yang CS. Possible controversy over dietary polyphenols: benefits vs risks. Chem Res Toxicol. (2007)
  44. Miller RJ, et al. A preliminary investigation of the impact of catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype on the absorption and metabolism of green tea catechins. Eur J Nutr. (2012)
  45. Hursel R, Viechtbauer W, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: a meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond). (2009)
  46. Suganuma M, et al. Wide distribution of {3H}(-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a cancer preventive tea polyphenol, in mouse tissue. Carcinogenesis. (1998)
  47. Scholey A, et al. Acute neurocognitive effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Appetite. (2012)
  48. Wightman EL, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate, cerebral blood flow parameters, cognitive performance and mood in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover investigation. Hum Psychopharmacol. (2012)
  49. Vignes M, et al. Anxiolytic properties of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Brain Res. (2006)
  50. Kaur T, et al. Effects of green tea extract on learning, memory, behavior and acetylcholinesterase activity in young and old male rats. Brain Cogn. (2008)
  51. Wang Y, et al. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) promotes neural progenitor cell proliferation and sonic hedgehog pathway activation during adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res. (2012)
  52. Heese T, et al. Anxiolytic effects of L-theanine–a component of green tea–when combined with midazolam, in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. AANA J. (2009)
  53. Lu K, et al. The acute effects of L-theanine in comparison with alprazolam on anticipatory anxiety in humans. Hum Psychopharmacol. (2004)
  54. Sachdeva AK, et al. Protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate in murine water-immersion stress model of chronic fatigue syndrome. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. (2010)
  55. Nakagawa K et al.. Tea catechin supplementation increases antioxidant capacity and prevents phospholipid hydroperoxidation in plasma of humans. J Agric Food Chem. (1999)
  56. Ohmori R et al.. Antioxidant activity of various teas against free radicals and LDL oxidation. Lipids. (2005)
  57. Suzuki-Sugihara N et al.. Green tea catechins prevent low-density lipoprotein oxidation via their accumulation in low-density lipoprotein particles in humans. Nutr Res. (2016)
  58. Ras RT, Zock PL, Draijer R. Tea consumption enhances endothelial-dependent vasodilation; a meta-analysis. PLoS One. (2011)
  59. Fitzpatrick DF, et al. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation caused by various plant extracts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. (1995)
  60. Loke WM, et al. Pure dietary flavonoids quercetin and (-)-epicatechin augment nitric oxide products and reduce endothelin-1 acutely in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr. (2008)
  61. Persson IA, et al. Tea flavanols inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and increase nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells. J Pharm Pharmacol. (2006)
  62. Lorenz M, et al. A constituent of green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase by a phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-, cAMP-dependent protein kinase-, and Akt-dependent pathway and leads to endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation. J Biol Chem. (2004)
  63. Lorenz M, et al. Addition of milk prevents vascular protective effects of tea. Eur Heart J. (2007)
  64. van der Burg-Koorevaar MC, Miret S, Duchateau GS. Effect of milk and brewing method on black tea catechin bioaccessibility. J Agric Food Chem. (2011)
  65. Pfeuffer M, Schrezenmeir J. Addition of milk prevents vascular protective effects of tea. Eur Heart J. (2007)
  66. Prabhakar VR, Venkatesan N. Milk casein and its benefits on cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. (2007)
  67. Green Tea Polyphenols: Novel and Potent Inhibitors of Squalene Epoxidase.
  68. Abe I, Seki T, Noguchi H. Potent and selective inhibition of squalene epoxidase by synthetic galloyl esters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2000)
  69. Butacnum A, Chongsuwat R, Bumrungpert A. Black tea consumption improves postprandial glycemic control in normal and pre-diabetic subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. (2007)
  70. Josic J et al.. Does green tea affect postprandial glucose, insulin and satiety in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. (2010)
  71. Tsuneki H et al.. Effect of green tea on blood glucose levels and serum proteomic patterns in diabetic (db/db) mice and on glucose metabolism in healthy humans. BMC Pharmacol. (2004)
  72. Dostal AM et al.. Green tea extract and catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype modify the post-prandial serum insulin response in a randomised trial of overweight and obese post-menopausal women. J Hum Nutr Diet. (2016)
  73. Dostal AM et al.. Long-Term Supplementation of Green Tea Extract Does Not Modify Adiposity or Bone Mineral Density in a Randomized Trial of Overweight and Obese Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr. (2016)
  74. Dostal AM et al.. Green Tea Extract and Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Genotype Modify Fasting Serum Insulin and Plasma Adiponectin Concentrations in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Overweight and Obese Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr. (2016)
  75. Liu CY et al.. Effects of green tea extract on insulin resistance and glucagon-like peptide 1 in patients with type 2 diabetes and lipid abnormalities: a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial. PLos One. (2014)
  76. Mielgo-Ayuso J et al.. Effects of dietary supplementation with epigallocatechin-3-gallate on weight loss, energy homeostasis, cardiometabolic risk factors and liver function in obese women: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Br J Nutr. (2014)
  77. Stendell-Hollis NR et al.. Green tea improves metabolic biomarkers, not weight or body composition: a pilot study in overweight breast cancer survivors. J Hum Nutr Diet. (2010)
  78. Hsu CH et al.. Does supplementation with green tea extract improve insulin resistance in obese type 2 diabetics? A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern Med Rev. (2011)
  79. Fukino Y et al.. Randomized controlled trial for an effect of green tea consumption on insulin resistance and inflammation markers. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (2005)
  80. Karhunen T et al.. Distribution of catechol-O-methyltransferase enzyme in rat tissues. J Histochem Cytochem. (1994)
  81. Wang JP et al.. Decrease in catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. (2002)
  82. Kring SI et al.. Polymorphisms of serotonin receptor 2A and 2C genes and COMT in relation to obesity and type 2 diabetes. PLoS One. (2009)
  83. Swarbrick MM, Havel PJ. Physiological, pharmacological, and nutritional regulation of circulating adiponectin concentrations in humans. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. (2008)
  84. Anti-obesity actions of green tea: Possible involvements in modulation of the glucose uptake system and suppression of the adipogenesis-related transcription factors.
  85. Thielecke F, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and postprandial fat oxidation in overweight/obese male volunteers: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. (2010)
  86. Bérubé-Parent S, et al. Effects of encapsulated green tea and Guarana extracts containing a mixture of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and caffeine on 24 h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in men. Br J Nutr. (2005)
  87. Brown AL, et al. Health effects of green tea catechins in overweight and obese men: a randomised controlled cross-over trial. Br J Nutr. (2011)
  88. Choo JJ. Green tea reduces body fat accretion caused by high-fat diet in rats through beta-adrenoceptor activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. J Nutr Biochem. (2003)
  89. Derdemezis CS, et al. Effect of Plant Polyphenols on Adipokine Secretion from Human SGBS Adipocytes. Biochem Res Int. (2011)
  90. Wolfram S, et al. TEAVIGO (epigallocatechin gallate) supplementation prevents obesity in rodents by reducing adipose tissue mass. Ann Nutr Metab. (2005)
  91. Klaus S, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates diet-induced obesity in mice by decreasing energy absorption and increasing fat oxidation. Int J Obes (Lond). (2005)
  92. Furuyashiki T, et al. Tea catechin suppresses adipocyte differentiation accompanied by down-regulation of PPARgamma2 and C/EBPalpha in 3T3-L1 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2004)
  93. Kim H, et al. (-) Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through transcription factors FoxO1 and SREBP1c. Cytotechnology. (2010)
  94. Kim H, Sakamoto K. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses adipocyte differentiation through the MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. Cell Biol Int. (2012)
  95. Chan CY, et al. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate blocks 3T3-L1 adipose conversion by inhibition of cell proliferation and suppression of adipose phenotype expression. Life Sci. (2011)
  96. Chen N, et al. Green tea, black tea, and epigallocatechin modify body composition, improve glucose tolerance, and differentially alter metabolic gene expression in rats fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res. (2009)
  97. Brusselmans K, et al. Induction of cancer cell apoptosis by flavonoids is associated with their ability to inhibit fatty acid synthase activity. J Biol Chem. (2005)
  98. Wang Y, et al. The human fatty acid synthase gene and de novo lipogenesis are coordinately regulated in human adipose tissue. J Nutr. (2004)
  99. The Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Thermogenesis and Fat Oxidation in Obese Men: A Pilot Study.
  100. Effects of the long term ingestion of tea catechins on Energy Expenditure and Dietary fat oxidation in healthy subjects.
  101. Nagao T, et al. Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J Clin Nutr. (2005)
  102. Gregersen NT, et al. Effect of moderate intakes of different tea catechins and caffeine on acute measures of energy metabolism under sedentary conditions. Br J Nutr. (2009)
  103. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM. Body weight loss and weight maintenance in relation to habitual caffeine intake and green tea supplementation. Obes Res. (2005)
  104. Seifert JG, et al. Effect of acute administration of an herbal preparation on blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Int J Med Sci. (2011)
  105. Wang H, et al. Effects of catechin enriched green tea on body composition. Obesity (Silver Spring). (2010)
  106. Maki KC, et al. Green tea catechin consumption enhances exercise-induced abdominal fat loss in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr. (2009)
  107. Hursel R, et al. The effects of catechin rich teas and caffeine on energy expenditure and fat oxidation: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. (2011)
  108. Dean S, Braakhuis A, Paton C. The effects of EGCG on fat oxidation and endurance performance in male cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2009)
  109. Hursel R, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Green tea catechin plus caffeine supplementation to a high-protein diet has no additional effect on body weight maintenance after weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr. (2009)
  110. Richards JC, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate increases maximal oxygen uptake in adult humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2010)
  111. Strong R, et al. Evaluation of Resveratrol, Green Tea Extract, Curcumin, Oxaloacetic Acid, and Medium-Chain Triglyceride Oil on Life Span of Genetically Heterogeneous Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. (2012)
  112. Ota N, Soga S, Shimotoyodome A. Daily consumption of tea catechins improves aerobic capacity in healthy male adults: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2016)
  113. Martin BJ et al.. No effect of short-term green tea extract supplementation on metabolism at rest or during exercise in the fed state. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2014)
  114. Jacobs DM et al.. Metabolic response to decaffeinated green tea extract during rest and moderate-intensity exercise. J Agric Food Chem. (2014)
  115. Randell RK et al.. No effect of 1 or 7 d of green tea extract ingestion on fat oxidation during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2013)
  116. Gahreman DE et al.. The combined effect of green tea and acute interval sprinting exercise on fat oxidation of trained and untrained males. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. (2016)
  117. Gahreman D et al.. Green Tea, Intermittent Sprinting Exercise, and Fat Oxidation. Nutrients. (2015)
  118. Murase T, et al. Green tea extract improves endurance capacity and increases muscle lipid oxidation in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. (2005)
  119. Abdulbaqi HR, Himratul-Aznita WH, Baharuddin NA. Anti-plaque effect of a synergistic combination of green tea and Salvadora persica L. against primary colonizers of dental plaque. Arch Oral Biol. (2016)
  120. Nobbs AH, Jenkinson HF, Jakubovics NS. Stick to your gums: mechanisms of oral microbial adherence. J Dent Res. (2011)
  121. Abdulbaqi HR, Himratul-Aznita WH, Baharuddin NA. Evaluation of Salvadora persica L. and green tea anti-plaque effect: a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. (2016)
  122. Chelli-Chentouf N et al.. In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of Algerian Hoggar Salvadora persica L. extracts against microbial strains from children’s oral cavity. J Ethnopharmacol. (2012)
  123. Chopra A, et al.. Green Tea Intake as an Adjunct to Mechanical Periodontal Therapy for the Management of Mild to Moderate Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Oral Health Prev Dent. (2016)
  124. Hrishi TS et al.. Effect of adjunctive use of green tea dentifrice in periodontitis patients – A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Int J Dent Hyg. (2016)
  125. Zhao LJ et al.. Relationship of obesity with osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2007)
  126. Watts NB, GLOW investigators. Insights from the Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW). Nat Rev Endocrinol. (2014)
  127. Muraki S et al.. Diet and lifestyle associated with increased bone mineral density: cross-sectional study of Japanese elderly women at an osteoporosis outpatient clinic. J Orthop Sci. (2007)
  128. Wang W et al.. NK Cell-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol. (2015)
  129. Huang AC et al.. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), influences a murine WEHI-3 leukemia model in vivo through enhancing phagocytosis of macrophages and populations of T- and B-cells. In Vivo. (2013)
  130. Kuo CL et al.. Immunomodulatory effects of EGCG fraction of green tea extract in innate and adaptive immunity via T regulatory cells in murine model. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. (2014)
  131. Unno T et al.. Urinary excretion of 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone, a ring-fission metabolite of (-)-epicatechin, in rats and its in vitro antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem. (2003)
  132. Kim YH et al.. Green Tea Catechin Metabolites Exert Immunoregulatory Effects on CD4(+) T Cell and Natural Killer Cell Activities. J Agric Food Chem. (2016)
  133. Nishikawa H, Wakano K, Kitani S. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase subunits translocation by tea catechin EGCG in mast cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2007)
  134. Nishikawa H, Kitani S. Tea catechins have dual effect on mast cell degranulation induced by compound 48/80. Int Immunopharmacol. (2008)
  135. Maeda-Yamamoto M et al.. O-methylated catechins from tea leaves inhibit multiple protein kinases in mast cells. J Immunol. (2004)
  136. Jenkinson C, et al. Dietary green and white teas suppress UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B17 mediated testosterone glucuronidation. Steroids. (2012)
  137. Wu AH, et al. Effect of 2-month controlled green tea intervention on lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and hormone levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). (2012)
  138. Chandra AK, et al. Effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) extract on morphological and functional changes in adult male gonads of albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol. (2011)
  139. Figueiroa MS, et al. Green tea polyphenols inhibit testosterone production in rat Leydig cells. Asian J Androl. (2009)
  140. Satoh K, et al. Inhibition of aromatase activity by green tea extract catechins and their endocrinological effects of oral administration in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. (2002)
  141. Hiipakka RA, et al. Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of human 5alpha-reductases by polyphenols. Biochem Pharmacol. (2002)
  142. Liao S, Hiipakka RA. Selective inhibition of steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozymes by tea epicatechin-3-gallate and epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1995)
  143. Young JF, et al. Green tea extract only affects markers of oxidative status postprandially: lasting antioxidant effect of flavonoid-free diet. Br J Nutr. (2002)
  144. Serafini M et al.. Modulation of plasma non enzimatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC) by plant foods: the role of polyphenols. Curr Top Med Chem. (2011)
  145. Remely M. EGCG Prevents High Fat Diet-Induced Changes in Gut Microbiota, Decreases of DNA Strand Breaks, and Changes in Expression and DNA Methylation of Dnmt1 and MLH1 in C57BL/6J Male Mice. Oxid Med Cell Longev. (2017)
  146. Oršolić N et al.. Assessment of DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in diabetic mice: effects of propolis and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Mutat Res. (2013)
  147. Li Y, et al. Green tea consumption, inflammation and the risk of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population. Cancer Epidemiol. (2011)
  148. Sasaki Y. Does oxidative stress participate in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol. (2006)
  149. Yu MC, Yuan JM. Environmental factors and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. (2004)
  150. Wang N, et al. Tea and reduced liver cancer mortality. Epidemiology. (2008)
  151. Ui A, et al. Green tea consumption and the risk of liver cancer in Japan: the Ohsaki Cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. (2009)
  152. Montella M, et al. Coffee and tea consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy. Int J Cancer. (2007)
  153. Effect of Coffee and Green Tea Consumption on the Risk of Liver Cancer: Cohort Analysis by Hepatitis Virus Infection Status.
  154. Chow HH, et al. Effects of repeated green tea catechin administration on human cytochrome P450 activity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. (2006)
  155. Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Extract does not alter Cytochrome P450 3A4 or 2D6 Activity in Healthy Volunteers.
  156. Sohn OS, et al. Effects of green and black tea on hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing systems in the male F344 rat. Xenobiotica. (1994)
  157. Bu-Abbas A, et al. Selective induction of rat hepatic CYP1 and CYP4 proteins and of peroxisomal proliferation by green tea. Carcinogenesis. (1994)
  158. Ayalogu EO, et al. Induction of hepatic CYP1A2 by the oral administration of caffeine to rats: lack of association with the Ah locus. Biochim Biophys Acta. (1995)
  159. Goasduff T, et al. Induction of liver and kidney CYP1A1/1A2 by caffeine in rat. Biochem Pharmacol. (1996)
  160. Janle EM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Green Tea Catechins in Extract and Sustained-Release Preparations. J Diet Suppl. (2008)
  161. Morré DJ, et al. Preferential inhibition by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate of the cell surface NADH oxidase and growth of transformed cells in culture. Biochem Pharmacol. (2000)
  162. Morré DJ, et al. Tea catechin synergies in inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and of a cancer specific cell surface oxidase (ECTO-NOX). Pharmacol Toxicol. (2003)
  163. Sadava D, Whitlock E, Kane SE. The green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits telomerase and induces apoptosis in drug-resistant lung cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2007)
  164. Berger SJ, et al. Green tea constituent (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits topoisomerase I activity in human colon carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2001)
  165. Hussain T, et al. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate selectively inhibits COX-2 without affecting COX-1 expression in human prostate carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer. (2005)
  166. Ahmad N, et al. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate and induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human carcinoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst. (1997)
  167. Gupta S, et al. Growth inhibition, cell-cycle dysregulation, and induction of apoptosis by green tea constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive human prostate carcinoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. (2000)
  168. Nishikawa T, et al. A green tea polyphenol, epigalocatechin-3-gallate, induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma, possibly through inhibition of Bcl-2 family proteins. J Hepatol. (2006)
  169. Mechanisms of Action for Green Tea Extract in Breast Cancer Prevention Identified.
  170. Nguyen MM, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of polyphenon E in prostate cancer patients before prostatectomy: evaluation of potential chemopreventive activities. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). (2012)
  171. Green Tea Polyphenols and Metabolites in Prostatectomy Tissue: Implications for Cancer Prevention.
  172. Yang CS, et al. Cancer prevention by tea: animal studies, molecular mechanisms and human relevance. Nat Rev Cancer. (2009)
  173. Thomas F, et al. Green tea extract (epigallocatechin-3-gallate) reduces efficacy of radiotherapy on prostate cancer cells. Urology. (2011)
  174. Kitani K, Yokozawa T, Osawa T. Interventions in aging and age-associated pathologies by means of nutritional approaches. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2004)
  175. Kitani K, Osawa T, Yokozawa T. The effects of tetrahydrocurcumin and green tea polyphenol on the survival of male C57BL/6 mice. Biogerontology. (2007)
  176. Im M et al.. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses IGF-I-induced lipogenesis and cytokine expression in SZ95 sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol. (2012)
  177. Yoon JY et al.. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves acne in humans by modulating intracellular molecular targets and inhibiting P. acnes. J Invest Dermatol. (2013)
  178. Mahmood T et al.. Outcomes of 3% green tea emulsion on skin sebum production in male volunteers. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. (2010)
  179. Jung MK et al.. Polyphenon-60 displays a therapeutic effect on acne by suppression of TLR2 and IL-8 expression via down-regulating the ERK1/2 pathway. Arch Dermatol Res. (2012)
  180. Elsaie ML et al.. The efficacy of topical 2% green tea lotion in mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. (2009)
  181. Sharquie KE, Noaimi AA, Al-Salih MM. Topical therapy of acne vulgaris using 2% tea lotion in comparison with 5% zinc sulphate solution. Saudi Med J. (2008)
  182. Lu PH, Hsu CH. Does supplementation with green tea extract improve acne in post-adolescent women? A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. (2016)
  183. Chiu HF et al.. Improvement of green tea polyphenol with milk on skin with respect to antioxidation in healthy adults: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized crossover clinical trial. Food Funct. (2016)
  184. Li W, Wu JX, Tu YY. Synergistic effects of tea polyphenols and ascorbic acid on human lung adenocarcinoma SPC-A-1 cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. (2010)
  185. Chung JH, et al. Green tea formulations with vitamin C and xylitol on enhanced intestinal transport of green tea catechins. J Food Sci. (2013)
  186. Simonetti G, Simonetti N, Villa A. Increased microbicidal activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in combination with butylated hydroxyanisole. J Chemother. (2004)
  187. Shixian Q, et al. Green tea extract thermogenesis-induced weight loss by epigallocatechin gallate inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase. J Med Food. (2006)
  188. Diepvens K, Westerterp KR, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. (2007)
  189. Dulloo AG, et al. Green tea and thermogenesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. (2000)
  190. Dulloo AG, et al. Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. (1999)
  191. Dulloo AG, et al. Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. (1989)
  192. Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Green tea catechins, caffeine and body-weight regulation. Physiol Behav. (2010)
  193. Kovacs EM, et al. Effects of green tea on weight maintenance after body-weight loss. Br J Nutr. (2004)
  194. Morré DJ, Morré DM. Synergistic Capsicum-tea mixtures with anticancer activity. J Pharm Pharmacol. (2003)
  195. Morré DM, Morré DJ. Catechin-vanilloid synergies with potential clinical applications in cancer. Rejuvenation Res. (2006)
  196. Chueh PJ, et al. tNOX is both necessary and sufficient as a cellular target for the anticancer actions of capsaicin and the green tea catechin (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Biofactors. (2004)
  197. Zhou Q, et al. Identification of the major vanilloid component in Capsicum extract by HPLC-EC and HPLC-MS. Phytochem Anal. (2004)
  198. Shimizu M, et al. Regulation of intestinal glucose transport by tea catechins. Biofactors. (2000)
  199. Kobayashi Y, et al. Green tea polyphenols inhibit the sodium-dependent glucose transporter of intestinal epithelial cells by a competitive mechanism. J Agric Food Chem. (2000)
  200. Inhibition of Saccharide Digestive Enzymes by Tea Polyphenols.
  201. Wang Y, Yang Z, Wei X. Sugar compositions, α-glucosidase inhibitory and amylase inhibitory activities of polysaccharides from leaves and flowers of Camellia sinensis obtained by different extraction methods. Int J Biol Macromol. (2010)
  202. Naz S, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits lactase but is alleviated by salivary proline-rich proteins. J Agric Food Chem. (2011)
  203. Lochocka K, et al. Green tea extract decreases starch digestion and absorption from a test meal in humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Sci Rep. (2015)
  204. Juhel C, et al. Green tea extract (AR25) inhibits lipolysis of triglycerides in gastric and duodenal medium in vitro. J Nutr Biochem. (2000)
  205. Nakai M, et al. Inhibitory effects of oolong tea polyphenols on pancreatic lipase in vitro. J Agric Food Chem. (2005)
  206. Effects of non-fermented tea extracts on in vitro digestive hydrolysis of lipids and on cholesterol precipitation.
  207. Koo SI, Noh SK. Green tea as inhibitor of the intestinal absorption of lipids: potential mechanism for its lipid-lowering effect. J Nutr Biochem. (2007)
  208. Ikeda I, et al. Tea catechins decrease micellar solubility and intestinal absorption of cholesterol in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta. (1992)
  209. Raederstorff DG, et al. Effect of EGCG on lipid absorption and plasma lipid levels in rats. J Nutr Biochem. (2003)
  210. Afzal M, Safer AM, Al-Bloushi S. CoQ9 potentiates green tea antioxidant activities in Wistar rats. Biofactors. (2005)
  211. Manikandan R, et al. Synergistic anticancer activity of curcumin and catechin: an in vitro study using human cancer cell lines. Microsc Res Tech. (2012)
  212. Xu G, et al. Combination of curcumin and green tea catechins prevents dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol. (2010)
  213. Xu G, et al. Effects of combined use of curcumin and catechin on cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. (2005)
  214. Saha A, et al. New role of (-)-epicatechin in enhancing the induction of growth inhibition and apoptosis in human lung cancer cells by curcumin. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). (2010)
  215. Zijp IM, Korver O, Tijburg LB. Effect of tea and other dietary factors on iron absorption. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2000)
  216. Ma Q, et al. Bioactive dietary polyphenols inhibit heme iron absorption in a dose-dependent manner in human intestinal caco-2 cells. J Food Sci. (2011)
  217. Ma Q, Kim EY, Han O. Bioactive dietary polyphenols decrease heme iron absorption by decreasing basolateral iron release in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Nutr. (2010)
  218. Kim EY, et al. Ascorbic acid offsets the inhibitory effect of bioactive dietary polyphenolic compounds on transepithelial iron transport in Caco-2 intestinal cells. J Nutr. (2011)
  219. Ullmann U, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (TEAVIGO) does not impair nonhaem-iron absorption in man. Phytomedicine. (2005)
  220. Kim EY, Pai TK, Han O. Effect of bioactive dietary polyphenols on zinc transport across the intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Agric Food Chem. (2011)
  221. Murakami I, et al. Enhancement or Suppression of ACE Inhibitory Activity by a Mixture of Tea and Foods for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU) That Are Marketed as „Support for Normal Blood Pressure“. ISRN Pharm. (2011)
  222. Giunta B, et al. Fish oil enhances anti-amyloidogenic properties of green tea EGCG in Tg2576 mice. Neurosci Lett. (2010)
  223. Shirai N, Suzuki H. Effects of simultaneous intakes of fish oil and green tea extracts on plasma, glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and adiponectin and on liver lipid concentrations in mice fed low- and high-fat diets. Ann Nutr Metab. (2008)
  224. Khatiwada J, et al. Green tea, phytic acid, and inositol in combination reduced the incidence of azoxymethane-induced colon tumors in Fisher 344 male rats. J Med Food. (2011)
  225. Challa A, Rao DR, Reddy BS. Interactive suppression of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in rat colon by phytic acid and green tea. Carcinogenesis. (1997)
  226. McMillan B, et al. Dietary influence on pancreatic cancer growth by catechin and inositol hexaphosphate. J Surg Res. (2007)
  227. Rondanelli M, et al. Administration of a dietary supplement ( N-oleyl-phosphatidylethanolamine and epigallocatechin-3-gallate formula) enhances compliance with diet in healthy overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Nutr. (2009)
  228. Mangine GT, et al. The effect of a dietary supplement (N-oleyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and epigallocatechin gallate) on dietary compliance and body fat loss in adults who are overweight: A double-blind, randomized control trial. Lipids Health Dis. (2012)
  229. Roomi MW, et al. Comparative effects of EGCG, green tea and a nutrient mixture on the patterns of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep. (2010)
  230. Suganuma M, et al. Synergistic effects of (–)-epigallocatechin gallate with (–)-epicatechin, sulindac, or tamoxifen on cancer-preventive activity in the human lung cancer cell line PC-9. Cancer Res. (1999)
  231. Betts JW, Kelly SM, Haswell SJ. Antibacterial effects of theaflavin and synergy with epicatechin against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. (2011)
  232. Wang P, Heber D, Henning SM. Quercetin Increased the Antiproliferative Activity of Green Tea Polyphenol (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate in Prostate Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer. (2012)
  233. Wang P, Heber D, Henning SM. Quercetin increased bioavailability and decreased methylation of green tea polyphenols in vitro and in vivo. Food Funct. (2012)
  234. van Zanden JJ, et al. Quantitative structure activity relationship studies on the flavonoid mediated inhibition of multidrug resistance proteins 1 and 2. Biochem Pharmacol. (2005)
  235. Yang CS, et al. Bioavailability issues in studying the health effects of plant polyphenolic compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res. (2008)
  236. Borst P, et al. The multidrug resistance protein family. Biochim Biophys Acta. (1999)
  237. Jain DP, Pancholi SS, Patel R. Synergistic antioxidant activity of green tea with some herbs. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. (2011)
  238. Murakami A, et al. Combinatorial effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and food constituents on production of prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2003)
  239. Hwang JT, et al. Genistein, EGCG, and capsaicin inhibit adipocyte differentiation process via activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2005)
  240. Huang X, et al. Green tea extract enhances the selective cytotoxic activity of Zizyphus jujuba extracts in HepG2 cells. Am J Chin Med. (2008)
  241. Huang X, et al. Combination of Zizyphus jujuba and green tea extracts exerts excellent cytotoxic activity in HepG2 cells via reducing the expression of APRIL. Am J Chin Med. (2009)
  242. Ullmann U, et al. A single ascending dose study of epigallocatechin gallate in healthy volunteers. J Int Med Res. (2003)
  243. Phase I Trial of Oral Green Tea Extract in Adult Patients With Solid Tumors.
  244. [No authors listed. Body surface area for adjustment of drug dose. Drug Ther Bull. (2010)
  245. Kouno T, et al. Standardization of the body surface area (BSA) formula to calculate the dose of anticancer agents in Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol. (2003)
  246. Isbrucker RA, et al. Safety studies on epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) preparations. Part 2: dermal, acute and short-term toxicity studies. Food Chem Toxicol. (2006)
  247. Galati G, et al. Cellular and in vivo hepatotoxicity caused by green tea phenolic acids and catechins. Free Radic Biol Med. (2006)
  248. Bonkovsky HL. Hepatotoxicity associated with supplements containing Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis). Ann Intern Med. (2006)
  249. Heinrich U, et al. Green tea polyphenols provide photoprotection, increase microcirculation, and modulate skin properties of women. J Nutr. (2011)
  250. Boschmann M, Thielecke F. The effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on thermogenesis and fat oxidation in obese men: a pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr. (2007)
  251. Matsuyama T, et al. Catechin safely improved higher levels of fatness, blood pressure, and cholesterol in children. Obesity (Silver Spring). (2008)
  252. Ichinose T, et al. Effect of endurance training supplemented with green tea extract on substrate metabolism during exercise in humans. Scand J Med Sci Sports. (2011)
  253. Batista Gde A, et al. Prospective double-blind crossover study of Camellia sinensis (green tea) in dyslipidemias. Arq Bras Cardiol. (2009)
  254. Hsu CH, et al. Effect of green tea extract on obese women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr. (2008)
  255. Jówko E, et al. Green tea extract supplementation gives protection against exercise-induced oxidative damage in healthy men. Nutr Res. (2011)
  256. Brown AL, et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate on insulin resistance and associated metabolic risk factors: randomized controlled trial. Br J Nutr. (2009)
  257. Basu A, et al. Green tea supplementation affects body weight, lipids, and lipid peroxidation in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Nutr. (2010)
  258. Lonac MC, et al. Influence of short-term consumption of the caffeine-free, epigallocatechin-3-gallate supplement, Teavigo, on resting metabolism and the thermic effect of feeding. Obesity (Silver Spring). (2011)
  259. Kerksick CM, Kreider RB, Willoughby DS. Intramuscular adaptations to eccentric exercise and antioxidant supplementation. Amino Acids. (2010)
  260. Venables MC, et al. Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. (2008)