Kyselina D-asparágová

Pôsobí na: zvýšenie hladiny testosterónu, zdravie mužov

Kyselina D-asparágová (D-AA) reguluje syntézu testosterónu a môže pôsobiť na stimulačný receptor (NMDA). Je prísľubom v liečbe mužskej plodnosti. U zdravých mužov spôsobí užívanie D-AA iba dočasné zvýšenie hladiny testosterónu, čo obmedzuje jej použitie.

Užívanie

Štandardná dávka je 2-3 g denne. v niektorých článkoch sa uvádza dávkovanie 3 g počas 12 dní a potom týždenná pauza. Na určenie správneho spôsobu užívania budú potrebné ďalšie výskumy.

Medicínske upozornenie!

Literatúra

  1. Man EH, Bada JL. Dietary D-amino acids. Annu Rev Nutr. (1987)
  2. Friedman M. Chemistry, nutrition, and microbiology of D-amino acids. J Agric Food Chem. (1999)
  3. D’Aniello A. D-Aspartic acid: an endogenous amino acid with an important neuroendocrine role. Brain Res Rev. (2007)
  4. Maroudas A, Palla G, Gilav E. Racemization of aspartic acid in human articular cartilage. Connect Tissue Res. (1992)
  5. Aspartic acid racemization in tooth enamel from living humans.
  6. Man EH, et al. Accumulation of D-aspartic acid with age in the human brain. Science. (1983)
  7. Perna AF, et al. D-aspartate content of erythrocyte membrane proteins is decreased in uremia: implications for the repair of damaged proteins. J Am Soc Nephrol. (1997)
  8. Hashimoto A, et al. Embryonic development and postnatal changes in free D-aspartate and D-serine in the human prefrontal cortex. J Neurochem. (1993)
  9. Fisher GH, et al. Free D-aspartate and D-alanine in normal and Alzheimer brain. Brain Res Bull. (1991)
  10. Wolosker H, D’Aniello A, Snyder SH. D-aspartate disposition in neuronal and endocrine tissues: ontogeny, biosynthesis and release. Neuroscience. (2000)
  11. D’Aniello A, et al. Occurrence of D-aspartic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid in rat neuroendocrine tissues and their role in the modulation of luteinizing hormone and growth hormone release. FASEB J. (2000)
  12. Lee JA, et al. D-aspartate localization in the rat pituitary gland and retina. Brain Res. (1999)
  13. Imai K, et al. Occurrence of D-aspartic acid in rat brain pineal gland. Biomed Chromatogr. (1995)
  14. Lee JA, et al. Immunohistochemical localization of D-aspartate in the rat pineal gland. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1997)
  15. Neidle A, Dunlop DS. Developmental changes in free D-aspartic acid in the chicken embryo and in the neonatal rat. Life Sci. (1990)
  16. d-aspartate localizations imply neuronal and neuroendocrineroles.
  17. D’Aniello A, et al. Involvement of D-aspartic acid in the synthesis of testosterone in rat testes. Life Sci. (1996)
  18. Sakai K, et al. Localization of D-aspartic acid in elongate spermatids in rat testis. Arch Biochem Biophys. (1998)
  19. Topo E, et al. The role and molecular mechanism of D-aspartic acid in the release and synthesis of LH and testosterone in humans and rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. (2009)
  20. Aspartate racemase, generating neuronal D-aspartate, regulates adult neurogenesis.
  21. Pampillo M, et al. The effect of D-aspartate on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, GABA and dopamine release. Neuroreport. (2002)
  22. d-amino acid oxidase II. Specificity, competitive inhibition and reaction sequence.
  23. Lamanna C, et al. Involvement of D-Asp in P450 aromatase activity and estrogen receptors in boar testis. Amino Acids. (2007)
  24. Assisi L, et al. Enhancement of aromatase activity by D-aspartic acid in the ovary of the lizard Podarcis s. sicula. Reproduction. (2001)
  25. Raucci F, D’Aniello S, Di Fiore MM. Endocrine roles of D-aspartic acid in the testis of lizard Podarcis s. sicula. J Endocrinol. (2005)
  26. D’Aniello S, et al. D-Aspartic acid is a novel endogenous neurotransmitter. FASEB J. (2011)
  27. Holopainen I, Kontro P. D-aspartate release from cerebellar astrocytes: modulation of the high K-induced release by neurotransmitter amino acids. Neuroscience. (1990)
  28. Davies LP, Johnston GA. Uptake and release of D- and L-aspartate by rat brain slices. J Neurochem. (1976)
  29. Malthe-Sørenssen D, Skrede KK, Fonnum F. Calcium-dependent release of D-{3H}aspartate evoked by selective electrical stimulation of excitatory afferent fibres to hippocampal pyramidal cells in vitro. Neuroscience. (1979)
  30. Erreger K, et al. Subunit-specific agonist activity at NR2A-, NR2B-, NR2C-, and NR2D-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors. Mol Pharmacol. (2007)
  31. Topo E, et al. Evidence for the involvement of D-aspartic acid in learning and memory of rat. Amino Acids. (2010)
  32. d-Aspartic acid supplementation combined with 28 days of heavy resistance training has no effect on body composition, muscle strength, and serum hormones associated with the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in resistance-trained men.
  33. Melville GW, Siegler JC, Marshall PWM. The effects of d-aspartic acid supplementation in resistance-trained men over a three month training period: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. (2017)
  34. Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the rat and human testis.
  35. Nagata Y, et al. Stimulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene expression by D-aspartate in rat Leydig cells. FEBS Lett. (1999)
  36. Sugawara T, et al. Structure of the human steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene: StAR stimulates mitochondrial cholesterol 27-hydroxylase activity. Biochemistry. (1995)
  37. Caron KM, et al. Characterization of the promoter region of the mouse gene encoding the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Mol Endocrinol. (1997)
  38. Chandrashekar KN, Muralidhara. D-Aspartic acid induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions in testis of prepubertal rats. Amino Acids. (2010)
  39. D’Aniello G, et al. Occurrence of D-aspartic acid in human seminal plasma and spermatozoa: possible role in reproduction. Fertil Steril. (2005)
  40. D-Aspartate, a Key Element for the Improvement of Sperm Quality.
  41. D’Aniello G, et al. Reproductive implication of D-aspartic acid in human pre-ovulatory follicular fluid. Hum Reprod. (2007)
  42. Hsu C, et al. Blockage of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors decreases testosterone levels and enhances postnatal neuronal apoptosis in the preoptic area of male rats. Neuroendocrinology. (2000)
  43. Furuchi T, Homma H. Free D-aspartate in mammals. Biol Pharm Bull. (2005)
  44. Lee JA, et al. Localization, transport, and uptake of D-aspartate in the rat adrenal and pituitary glands. Arch Biochem Biophys. (2001)
  45. Long Z, et al. d-Aspartate in a prolactin-secreting clonal strain of rat pituitary tumor cells (GH(3)). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2000)
  46. D’Aniello G, et al. The role of D-aspartic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid in the regulation of prolactin release. Endocrinology. (2000)
  47. Ishio S, et al. D-aspartate modulates melatonin synthesis in rat pinealocytes. Neurosci Lett. (1998)
  48. Yamada H, Yamaguchi A, Moriyama Y. L-aspartate-evoked inhibition of melatonin production in rat pineal glands. Neurosci Lett. (1997)
  49. Yatsushiro S, et al. L-aspartate but not the D form is secreted through microvesicle-mediated exocytosis and is sequestered through Na+-dependent transporter in rat pinealocytes. J Neurochem. (1997)
  50. Kim MH, et al. Glutamate transporter-mediated glutamate secretion in the mammalian pineal gland. J Neurosci. (2008)
  51. Yamada H, et al. Functional expression of a GLT-1 type Na+-dependent glutamate transporter in rat pinealocytes. J Neurochem. (1997)
  52. Stimulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene expression by d-aspartate in rat Leydig cells.
  53. Errico F, et al. A physiological mechanism to regulate D-aspartic acid and NMDA levels in mammals revealed by D-aspartate oxidase deficient mice. Gene. (2006)
  54. Melville GW, Siegler JC, Marshall PW. Three and six grams supplementation of d-aspartic acid in resistance trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. (2015)